Abstract:
:The kynurenine pathway constitutes the main route of tryptophan degradation and generates the production of several neuroactive compounds; quinolinic acid is an excitotoxic NMDA receptor agonist, 3-hydroxykynurenine is a free-radical generator and kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an antagonist at glutamate and nicotinic receptors. In low micromolar concentrations, KYNA blocks the glycine site of the NMDA receptor and the nicotinic alpha(7) acetylcholine receptor. Knowledge regarding kynurenine metabolites and their involvement in neurophysiological processes has increased dramatically in recent years. In particular, endogenous KYNA appears to tightly control firing of midbrain dopamine neurons and to be involved in cognitive functions. Thus, decreased endogenous levels of rat brain KYNA have been found to reduce firing of these neurons, and mice with a targeted deletion of kynurenine aminotransferase II display low endogenous brain KYNA levels concomitant with an increased performance in cognitive tests. It is also suggested that kynurenines participate in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Thus, elevated levels of KYNA have been found in the CSF as well as in the post-mortem brain of patients with schizophrenia. Advantages in understanding how kynurenines can be pharmacologically manipulated may provide new possibilities in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.
journal_name
CNS Drugsjournal_title
CNS drugsauthors
Erhardt S,Olsson SK,Engberg Gdoi
10.2165/00023210-200923020-00001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
91-101issue
2eissn
1172-7047issn
1179-1934pii
1journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
CNS DRUGS文献大全abstract::All current antipsychotic drugs block dopamine (DA) receptors, but the nature of the DA dysfunction in schizophrenia has not been clear. However, consistent evidence now shows that presynaptic dopaminergic function is altered in schizophrenia, specifically in terms of increased DA synthesis capacity, baseline synaptic...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0177-z
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to linger. Decisions regarding initiation or continuation of disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis have to consider the potential relevance to the pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of action and the possible idiosyncratic effects of each therapeutic a...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00756-y
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Valproic acid is a versatile antiepileptic drug that is often used in the acute care setting. Intravenous valproic acid lends itself well to a continuous infusion as it exhibits a relatively short half-life. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of continuous infusion valproic acid in hos...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0304-5
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Insomnia, an inability to initiate or maintain sleep, affects approximately one-third of the American population. Conventional benzodiazepines, such as triazolam and midazolam, were the treatment of choice for short-term insomnia for many years but are associated with adverse effects such as rebound insomnia, withdraw...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200317070-00004
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems play a critical role in the basal ganglia circuitry. Targeting these non-dopaminergic receptors remains a focus of ongoing research to improve Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms, without the potential side effects of dopamine replacement therapy....
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00754-0
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic progressive, usually fatal disease of uncertain pathogenesis that is associated with the presence of mutant measles virus in the CNS. The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and an elevated titre of measles antibodies in the CSF. Electroencephalography, imagi...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00023210-199707020-00003
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, affective disorders (such as depressed mood) were seen in a considerable number of HIV-1-infected individuals. These disorders were a result of the poor physical condition of the patients, brain involvement by the virus (e.g. encephalopathy) or a reaction to disadvantageous livin...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200620060-00005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a profound impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), a comprehensive subjective measure of the patient's health status. Assessment of HRQoL informs on the potential advantages and disadvantages of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) beyond their effects on observer-based disability and m...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0444-x
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::▴ Ziprasidone is a novel antipsychotic drug. It has high affinity for serotonin 5-HT(2) and dopamine D(2) receptors in vitro, with an 11-fold higher affinity for 5-HT(2) than for D(2) receptors, suggestive of a low potential for inducing motor disturbance [including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)].▴ The effects of zipr...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00023210-199708020-00006
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Duloxetine (Cymbalta(R)) is a potent serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) in the CNS. It is indicated for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as well as other indications. In patients with GAD of at least moderate severity, oral duloxetine 60-120 mg once daily was effe...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200923060-00006
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In humans, age-related memory impairments begin in mid-life and cognitive weakening continues with advancing age. An important aspect of defining memory decline is the distinction between dementia as a result of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and memory loss not specifically associated with diseas...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200620020-00006
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alcoholic patients suffer from harmful allostatic neuroplastic changes in the brain causing an acute withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of drinking followed by a protracted abstinence syndrome and an increased risk of relapse to heavy drinking. Benzodiazepines have long been the treatment of choice for detoxifying pat...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0240-4
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anilidopiperidine opioid remifentanil has pharmacodynamic properties similar to all opioids; however, its pharmacokinetic characteristics are unique. Favourable pharmacokinetic properties, minimally altered by extremes of age or renal or hepatic dysfunction, enable easy titration and rapid dissipation of clinical ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200418150-00004
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A recent large database analysis raised concerns of potential acute kidney injury (AKI) risk associated with antipsychotics. However, whether individual atypical and typical antipsychotics are associated with differential AKI risks has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE:The current study compared the risks of...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0421-4
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A wide range of support is available to help smokers to quit and to aid attempts at harm reduction, including three first-line smoking cessation medications: nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline and bupropion. Despite the efficacy of these, there is a continual need to diversify the range of medications so that t...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Responses to atomoxetine vary for individual patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, we do not know whether any factors can be used to reliably predict how individuals with ADHD will respond to treatment. OBJECTIVE:Our objective was to evaluate background variables that facil...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0323-x
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methylene blue is a long-established drug with complex pharmacology and multiple clinical indications. Its diverse mechanisms of action are most likely responsible for the large variety of its clinical effects. Of interest to psychiatrists, methylene blue has antidepressant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00641-3
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Intranasal (IN) insulin acutely improves verbal memory in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its therapeutic effects may be attenuated in apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) carriers. Furthermore, rapid-acting (RA) insulins may have superior therapeutic effects compared with regular insuli...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0214-y
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Atomoxetine is commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with a broad range of cognitive abilities. We examined the association between level of cognitive functioning as determined by IQ and clinical response during treatment with atomoxetine. METHODS:The records of ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11590450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diclofenac potassium powder for oral solution (Voltfast(®), Catafast(®), Cambia(®); hereafter referred to as diclofenac potassium powder) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine. This article reviews the pharmacological properties of diclofenac potassium ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0186-y
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is pathologically characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Axonal damage, along with neuronal loss, occurs from disease onset and may lead to progressive and permanent disability. In contrast with the inflam...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0093-7
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Earlier commencement of clozapine has been related to a better response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES:To identify variables that predict clozapine use after a first episode of schizophrenia (FES). METHODS:Patients with FES and ≤15 days of lifetime antipsychotic treatment were followed up...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0358-z
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia in the world. Its cause(s) are presently largely unknown. The most common explanation for AD, now, is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which states that the cause of AD is senile plaque formation by the amyloid β peptide, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangl...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00737-1
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is growing epidemiological evidence that opioids may increase the risk of unintentional injuries and it is plausible that the time of initiation is most critical in that respect. Studies on fall-related injuries remain few, limited and mostly focused on specific groups of elderly patients. OBJECTIVE:T...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0038-1
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:The gabapentinoids pregabalin and gabapentin are being increasingly prescribed for a range of clinical conditions. Recently, although gabapentinoids at therapeutic dosages may present with low addictive liability levels, cases of misuse and rising numbers of related fatalities have been reported. OBJECTIV...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0359-y
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is used in a variety of forms throughout the world. Long-term SLT use is associated with adverse health consequences. Effective pharmacotherapies are needed to treat SLT users who want to achieve tobacco abstinence. In the current review, we discuss the pharmacological interventions identified ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11598450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Loxapine is a well-established, first-generation antipsychotic agent. Loxapine inhalation powder (Adasuve(®)) was recently approved in the USA and the EU for use in the acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Inhaled loxapine is delivered by a hand-held, single-dose, single-use...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0075-9
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pregabalin, the pharmacologically active S-enantiomer of 3-aminomethyl-5-methylhexanoic acid, possesses anticonvulsant activity. Pregabalin binds with high affinity and specificity to voltage-gated calcium channel alpha(2)-delta proteins. The putative mechanism of action of the drug is reduced excitatory neurotransmit...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00023210-200519030-00007
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Haemorrheological parameters and endothelial function are known to be altered in vascular diseases, including stroke. Treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ('statins') improves cerebrovascular (and cardiovascular) morbidity and mortality in patients with atherosclerosis; the beneficial ...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00023210-200418030-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The issue of antipsychotic treatment during pregnancy is subject to substantial uncertainty and some controversy among healthcare providers, specifically pertaining to second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) that are subject to a large gap in safety data during pregnancy compared with antidepressants. The amount of sa...
journal_title:CNS drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40263-018-0517-5
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00