Abstract：
:Bacteria have existed on Earth for three billion years or so and have become adept at protecting themselves against toxic chemicals. Antibiotics have been in clinical use for a little more than 6 decades. That antibiotic resistance is now a major clinical problem all over the world attests to the success and speed of bacterial adaptation. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria are varied and include target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Acquisition of genes needed to elaborate the various mechanisms is greatly aided by a variety of promiscuous gene transfer systems, such as bacterial conjugative plasmids, transposable elements and integron systems, that move genes from one DNA system to another and from one bacterial cell to another, not necessarily one related to the gene donor. Bacterial plasmids serve as the scaffold on which are assembled arrays of antibiotic resistance genes, by transposition (transposable elements and ISCR mediated transposition) and site-specific recombination mechanisms (integron gene cassettes).The evidence suggests that antibiotic resistance genes in human bacterial pathogens originate from a multitude of bacterial sources, indicating that the genomes of all bacteria can be considered as a single global gene pool into which most, if not all, bacteria can dip for genes necessary for survival. In terms of antibiotic resistance, plasmids serve a central role, as the vehicles for resistance gene capture and their subsequent dissemination. These various aspects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics will be explored in this presentation.
journal_name
Br J Pharmacoljournal_title
British journal of pharmacologyauthors
Bennett PMdoi
10.1038/sj.bjp.0707607subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-03-01 00:00:00pages
S347-57eissn
0007-1188issn
1476-5381pii
0707607journal_volume
153 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:1. Several amino-acid esters and amides have been prepared and their toxicological and pharmacological properties have been investigated. Some of the quaternary esters and amides were lethal to mice at doses below 1 mg/kg; this lethality was usually associated with high nicotinic activity. None of the compounds showed...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb07056.x
更新日期：1968-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Hypoxia/reoxygenation induces synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can attack macromolecules and cause brain injury. The transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, (Nrf2), ia potent activator of genes with an antioxidant responsive element and Nrf2 can countera...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.13031
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) is a labile, endogenous metabolite of cysteine, with multiple biological roles. The development of sulphide-based therapies for human diseases will benefit from a reliable method of quantifying H(2)S in blood and tissues. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:Concentrations of reactive...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00704.x
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1 The role of histamine H1- and H2-receptors in mediating the cutaneous inflammatory response produced by exogenous histamine and the release of endogenous histamine from mast cells has been investigated by a method which permits simultaneous, quantitative measurement of vasodilatation, vascular permeability and oedem...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07912.x
更新日期：1980-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Treatment of rat mesangial cells with interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has been shown to induce a macrophage-type of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Here we report that adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is another mediator that triggers induction of NO synthase ...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13019.x
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. In the present study we have characterized the parathyroid hormone (PTH)-induced calcium signalling in 293 cells stably transfected with the human PTH receptor cDNA. In these cells, human PTH-1(1-38) strongly stimulates adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) formation (EC50 = 0.39 nM) but fails to activa...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14947.x
更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Constitutively active mu-opioid receptors (mu* receptors) are reported to be formed following prolonged agonist treatment of cells or whole animals. mu* receptors signal in the absence of activating ligand and a blockade of mu* activation of G-proteins by naloxone and naltrexone has been suggested to underlie the prof...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00067.x
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and activity were measured in the mouse macrophage cell line J774 after exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). 2. Inhibition of NOS activity by concomitant N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) treatment further increased iN...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0703838
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Pelitinib is a potent irreversible EGFR TK inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of lung cancer. Hyperthermia has been applied concomitantly with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to enhance treatment outcome. In this study, we investigated the ability of the combination of pelitin...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.13189
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. We have investigated the potency and duration of action of isoprenaline and a range of beta-adrenoceptor agonists as relaxants of inherent tone in human superfused, isolated bronchial smooth muscle, a tissue reported to contain a homogeneous population of beta 2-adrenoceptors. 2. All of the beta-adrenoceptor agonis...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13929.x
更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effect of the calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist (CGRP8-37, 400 nmol kg-1, i.v.) on the increased blood flow induced by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), vasodilator prostaglandins, and topical capsaicin was measured with a laser Doppler blood flow meter in rat abdominal skin. 2. The saphenous ner...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13878.x
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Dipyridamole enhances post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) in the human forearm vascular bed. We hypothesize that this effect is completely mediated by increased adenosine receptor stimulation. To test this hypothesis, the effect of caffeine (an adenosine receptor antagonist) on dipyridamole...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/bjp.2008.10
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The sulphonylureas, tolbutamide (0.1-10 mM) and glibenclamide (0.1-100 microM) shown not to inhibit ATP-K+ channel currents when applied to inside-out membrane patches excised from rat cultured cerebral cortex or freshly-dispersed ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHN) neurones. 2. Saturable binding sites for [3H...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14116.x
更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:ZK110841 and AH6809, an agonist and an antagonist of prostaglandin DP-receptors on human platelets, were evaluated with a fibroblastic cell line from bovine embryonic trachea (EBTr) which specifically responds to prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). ZK110841, equipotent to PGD2, elevated the adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14645.x
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Sarcolemmal membranes were isolated from normal and from denervated muscles and the specific binding of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin to the membranes was determined. 2. Cytosol prepared from either slow (soleus) or fast (extensor digitorum longus) muscle increased the toxin binding. Similar effects were seen with cyto...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11611.x
更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three genes encode the small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK channels). We have stably expressed hSK1 and rSK2 in HEK 293 cells and addressed the pharmacology of these subtypes using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. The bee venom peptide apamin blocked hSK1 as well as rSK2 with IC(50) values of 3.3 nM...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0703120
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. This study sets out to examine the effect of rilmenidine administered systemically on basal and reflexly activated renal nerve activity in Wistar and stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). 2. Animals were anaesthetized with chloralose/urethane, stimulating electrodes were placed on the brachial plexi...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16029.x
更新日期：1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure following the pathological remodelling of small pulmonary arteries. An increase in right ventricular (RV) afterload results in RV hypertrophy and RV failure. The pathophysiology of PH, and RV remodelling in particular, is not well unders...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/bph.13721
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effects of forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase and sodium nitroprusside, a direct activator of guanylate cyclase, were studied on rabbit isolated ear arteries preconstricted with 80 mM potassium. 2. Bolus injection of these two compounds resulted in vasodilatation. They had similar potencies in t...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11873.x
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabetes mellitus belongs to the most rapidly increasing diseases worldwide. Approximately 90-95% of these patients suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and the progressive loss of beta-cell function and mass. Considering the complications of this chronic diseas...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/bph.12624
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:5-HT (serotonin) regulates various physiological functions, both directly and via enteric neurons. The present study investigated the role of endogenous 5-HT and 5-HT3 receptors in the pathogenic mechanisms involved in colonic inflammation, especially in relation to substance P (SP) and the neuro...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.13482
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effect of prolonged anti-hypertensive drug treatment on the blood pressure of conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH-rats), and of age-matched normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats was determined during the development of hypertension in SH-rats and in the early stages of established hypertension. A compariso...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb07588.x
更新日期：1975-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The relationship between the capacity of the chick biventer preparation, both intact tissue and homogenate, to inactivate acetylcholine and the ability of eserine to increase the sensitivity of the tissue to acetylcholine have been investigated.2. At concentrations of eserine of 2.69 x 10(-9)M and 2.69 x 10(-8)M th...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07126.x
更新日期：1971-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Adrenoceptors can associate with cardiac caveolae. To investigate the function of vascular caveolae, adrenoceptor-mediated effects were compared in the saphenous artery of caveolin-1 knockout (cav-1KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:Electronmicroscopy was used to detect caveolae....
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0706980
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Histamine contracted the tracheal and major bronchial muscles of sheep and relaxed the muscles of the lesser bronchi and bronchioles.2. The stimulant action of histamine on the trachea was antagonized by mepyramine, whereas the relaxant effect on the bronchial tree was not.3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine contracted the musc...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07997.x
更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. To clarify the role of the first thrombin receptor/protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 in an inflammatory process, we tested and characterized the effect of intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of the highly specific PAR-1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 in rat hindpaw. 2. TFLLR-NH2 administered i.pl. at 0.01-0.03 micromol per pa...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0702513
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Translation of non-clinical markers of delayed ventricular repolarization to clinical prolongation of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) (a biomarker for torsades de pointes proarrhythmia) remains an issue in drug discovery and regulatory evaluations. We retrospectively analysed 150 d...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/bph.14101
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Endothelial cells, under given circumstances, can initiate contraction (constriction) of the vascular smooth muscle cells that surround them. Such endothelium-dependent, acute increases in contractile tone can be due to the withdrawal of the production of nitric oxide, to the production of vasoconstrictor peptides ...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0706042
更新日期：2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors are the largest group of membrane proteins and are the targets for approximately 30% of drugs currently used therapeutically. These 7-transmembrane-spanning proteins continue to provide new opportunities to develop therapeutics based on emerging knowledge of their structure, signalling prop...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 社论
doi：10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00695.x
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Taxanes are antineoplastic drugs which have cardiovascular side effects of unknown mechanism. We investigated their influence on blood viscosity and erythrocyte morphology. 2. Whole blood was incubated in vitro with increasing concentrations of Taxol, Taxotere, paclitaxel (0-100 microM) and the vehicles Cremophor-E...
journal_title：British journal of pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/sj.bjp.0704387
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
