Abstract:
:The term "reverse epidemiology" is used to indicate that such surrogates of cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome as obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are paradoxically associated with greater survival in individuals with chronic disease states and wasting, including dialysis patients, in whom the short-term survival is the issue at hand. It is being debated whether the crossing curves of the obesity-mortality association in dialysis patients vs. the general population reflect the residual confounding that needs to be controlled away statistically, or whether they have biological plausibility in sharp contradistinction to the currently dominating Framingham paradigm. In the rush to define the crossing curves as statistical artifact and to dismiss the term "reverse epidemiology" as a misnomer, we may miss the opportunity to gain information housed in those crossing lines and may miss the bigger picture, i.e., how to improve longevity in dialysis patients. Even though some of the survival paradoxes in dialysis patients appear to fulfill the Hill's criteria of causation, there are still two major drawbacks: (1) convincing pathophysiologic pathways to link dialysis patient survival to obesity, fat accumulation, higher serum lipoprotein levels or slightly higher than normal blood pressure values are yet to be verified in animal and other scientifically sound models; and (2) randomized controlled trials need to show that nutritional interventions resulting in weight gain can lead to greater survival in dialysis patients. Studying the survival paradoxes may lead to a paradigm shift by establishing targets beyond the Framingham guidelines for populations with chronic disease states.
journal_name
Semin Dialjournal_title
Seminars in dialysisauthors
Kalantar-Zadeh Kdoi
10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00360.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-11-01 00:00:00pages
593-601issue
6eissn
0894-0959issn
1525-139Xpii
SDI360journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) are the vascular accesses of choice for long-term hemodialysis. Strategies to establish and maintain functioning AVFs and AVGs are essential. In addition to clinical evaluation, ultrasound plays a critical role in the evaluation and maintenance of AVFs and ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/sdi.12599
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a vesiculobullous skin disorder characterized by a defect in heme biosynthesis. Reduced activity of the hepatic enzyme uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) results in accumulation of photosensitive porphyrins; this ultimately leads to the skin fragility and blistering that is charact...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2009.00672.x
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The association of high body mass index (BMI) with better survival in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a "risk factor paradox" or "reverse epidemiology." Since malnutrition is a powerful predictor of death and cardiovascular disease is its leading cause, it has been suggested that malnutrition and atheroscle...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17311.x
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::As suggested by its American brand name (Sensipar), the calcimimetic cinacalcet sensitizes the parathyroid cells to the extracellular calcium signal, suppressing parathyroid hormone (PTH) release and synthesis and preventing parathyroid cell proliferation. This primary PTH suppression decreases the release of calcium ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18318.x
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The specialty of Nephrology, by virtue of its relationship with the dialysis procedure, is highly vulnerable to litigation. As is the case with all nephrologists, a dialysis unit medical director is not immune to medical malpractice suits, and can be held liable for any act of perceived or potential harm to any dialys...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/sdi.12174
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The elderly represent the fastest growing segment of incident patients entering end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasingly, social scientists and caregivers are faced with changing models of care, which will challenge traditional patterns of patient acceptance into costly medical therapies. This paper analyzes the o...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12015
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although many nephrologists see value in maximizing clearance and time on dialysis, clinical trials have failed to show a clear and consistent benefit of increasing clearance above the minimum threshold level recommended in clinical practice guidelines or of increasing dialysis session length or frequency. Available e...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12938
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the recent focus on the benefits of more frequent dialysis, the Baxter Aurora dialysis system provides maximum flexibility for therapy prescription, including short daily treatments, long nocturnal treatments, hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and online hemodiafiltration, all in a compact, reliable, easy to use syst...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17215.x
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hyperkalemia contributes significantly to high mortality among ESRD patients. Excess intake and inadequate removal are the most common etiologies in HD patients. Although dialysis is the definitive treatment, classical medical therapy must be employed as a temporizing measure to acutely lower serum potassium. Reducing...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/sdi.12272
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::New advances in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy (ROD) change the perspective from which many of its features and treatment are viewed. Calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D have been shown to be important determinants of survival associated with kidney diseases. Now ROD dependent and in...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00300.x
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anabolic steroids have been used for the treatment of the anemia of chronic renal failure for more than 25 years. Due to concerns over adverse effects, their use historically has been limited to nandrolone decanoate given to men, usually over age 50, who have intact kidneys. The introduction of epoetin alfa in 1989 ha...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2000.00011.x
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The increased frequency of cardiovascular disease observed in hemodialysis patients is secondary to the combination of many traditional (age, male sex, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia) and novel and uremia-related (inflammation, uremic toxins, adipokine imbalance, coagulation disorders, prot...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 社论,评审
doi:10.1111/sdi.12345
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Withdrawal from dialysis is an appropriate decision for situations in which the burdens of treatment outweigh the benefits. Alternately, it can be viewed as a public health problem and suicide equivalent that contributes to the high mortality of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). More than one in five deaths of patients ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18201.x
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A patient with newly diagnosed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) received a femoral catheter for hemodialysis (HD). Shortly thereafter he developed fever, and blood cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The catheter was removed and the patient was treated with both vancomycin and rifampin; however, b...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2005.18323.x
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Secondary hyperparathyroidism almost universally accompanies end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In some, but not all studies, elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations are associated with increased fracture rates, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in ESRD. The serum concentration of PTH required for opt...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1111/sdi.12457
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bedside removal of tunneled hemodialysis catheters (TDC) by noninterventional Nephrologists has not been frequently performed or studied. We performed a retrospective review of bedside TDC removal at the University of Mississippi Medical Center between January, 2010 and June, 2013. We collected data on multiple patien...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12364
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Catheter malfunction due to poor flow is a common problem. When it occurs early, the cause is generally technical. Late occurrences are most often related to thrombus formation. Several types of thrombus may be seen, differing by location and supposed mechanism of formation. The most common offender, however, is the f...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2001.00109.x
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The etiology and management of intradialytic hypotension has become an increasingly complex issue. Volume depletion due to ultrafiltration remains the predominant underlying etiologic factor. However, patients vary markedly in their hemodynamic tolerance to fluid removal. While many risk factors have been identified, ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 社论,评审
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2002.00002.x
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Malnutrition is a frequent complication in hemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Interventions such as oral or intravenous nutritional supplements have often failed to improve nutritional status. We report here the effect that daily dialysis, practiced in our center since 1997...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17205.x
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Late referral of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for evaluation of kidney transplantation is common. Even though renal transplantation offers a clear survival benefit to patients with advanced CKD and ESRD and should be considered the renal replacement therapy of choice, n...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12497
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Depression has been documented as the most frequently encountered psychological problem in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and has been correlated with both mortality and morbidity in these patients. Previous work by our group has shown that clinical depression is treatable with psychotropic medications in the...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2003.16094.x
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fatigue is common in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients and impacts on daily living, impairs significantly the quality of life, increases the risk of cardiovascular events and negatively influences survival. Although numerous social, demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables have been associated with fatigue, th...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00956.x
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treatment of thrombosed dialysis ateriovenous (AV) grafts in the radiology interventional suite requires percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy, along with angioplasty of the underlying stenotic lesion. We analyzed the anatomic reasons for unsuccessful percutaneous thrombectomy of AV grafts, and assessed the feasibility...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00397.x
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::United States standards for the microbiologic quality of dialysate are not very stringent and have remained unchanged for more than 20 years, despite significant changes in the patient population and in the technology of hemodialysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that bacterial products can cross dialysis membra...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2000.00103.x
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment of chronically ill patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving dialysis therapies has advanced greatly over the years and accomplished many successes in prolonging the life of patients with ESRD, yet has had considerable failures due to the inability to compensate for all functions of the kidn...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12471
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tunneled dialysis catheters (TDC) become dysfunctional because of placement problems, infection, thrombosis, and fibrin sheath formation. Occasional patients who are catheter dependant develop frequent catheter dysfunction because of thrombosis or thrombosis associated with fibrin sheath formation. This article attemp...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00802.x
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although monitoring of vascular accesses by physical examination is nearly as sensitive as surveillance measurements by vascular access pressure when performed by examiners, the frequency of examinations is limited by time. We developed intravascular access pressure surveillance as a surrogate to physical examination....
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00755.x
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although numerous modifiable risk factors in the pathogenesis of CVD and its associated mortality have been identified, dyslipidemia remains to be a key focus for therapy. In this regard, significant progress has been made in reducing ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1111/sdi.12706
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the last 10 years an increasing number of patients worldwide have started dialysis or had transplantation. Many are elderly with complex comorbid conditions. Registries across the world all show a rapid and dramatic increase in the number of older patients accepted for renal replacement therapy. In addition, the ...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1046/j.1525-139x.2002.00028.x
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of arrhythmia has increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients and the most frequent is atrial fibrillation (AF). It was reported that the amount of epicardial fat tissue (EFT) in the population without renal disease is closely related to AF. In the present study of ours, the relation between EFT thickness a...
journal_title:Seminars in dialysis
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1111/sdi.12901
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00