Diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome.

abstract：:Studies of ontogenesis contribute to better understanding of regulatory events underlying the striking heterogeneity in B-cell differentiation pathways employed in the human mucosal immune system. This disparity is probably explained by exogenous environmental factors, although regional differences probably also exist...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Brandtzaeg P,Nilssen DE,Rognum TO,Thrane PS

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatocellular carcinomas can be further divided into distinct subtypes that provide important clinical information and biological insights. These subtypes are distinct from growth patterns and are on based on morphologic and molecular findings. There are 12 reasonably well-defined subtypes as well as 6 provisional su...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Torbenson MS

更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biologics are a primary focus for research and development of new treatments for IBD and other immune disorders. CDER, which is a branch of the FDA, oversees most of the biologics that are being used or tested for IBD, and it regulates nonbiologic medications for IBD. The approval process for most biologics for IBD is...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Tremaine WJ

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A better definition of a pseudocyst that clearly separates it from acute fluid collection, improvements in imaging studies, and a better understanding of the natural history of pseudocysts have changed the concepts regarding their management. The old teaching that cysts of more than 6 cm in diameter that have been pre...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Pitchumoni CS,Agarwal N

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Patients with chest pain of presumed esophageal origin should be reassured and should undergo an esophageal manometry study. In patients with spastic esophageal disorders, a trial with calcium channel blockers or low-dose antidepressants used as visceral analgesics is the best approach. Inpatients with non GERD-relate...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Schmulson MJ,Valdovinos MA

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The explanation as to why gastroesophageal reflux disease develops remains unanswered. We have learned much about the regulation of LES pressure, the single most important factor in the development of reflux disease. Our understanding of factors involved in the clearance of refluxed contents has also increased. The pr...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Ogorek CP,Cohen S

更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Colorectal cancer is a major illness in the Western world. International and migrant studies suggest that environmental causes, notably a fat- and calorie-dense diet (even if adopted in adulthood), are associated with the disease. Case-control studies have not conclusively identified specific etiologic dietary factors...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Neil GA,Bruce WR

更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article examines the transitions in pharmacological therapy for obesity. It reviews the current options approved by the Food and Drug Administration and several drugs approved for other indications that can be used to treat obesity as well. Because weight regulation is complex and redundant systems protect agains...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Kaplan LM

更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is rapidly increasing in the Western world. In North America and western Europe, a marked shift in the epidemiologic profile of this disease has occurred. In the past, most patients with esophageal cancer were found to have epidermoid carcinoma. These patients frequentl...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Kelsen D

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is steroid-responsive fibroinflammatory disorder of the pancreas. There are 2 distinct subtypes of AIP, types 1 and 2. Type 1 is associated with systemic immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 disease and may affect multiple organs in the body. Type 2 is confined to the pancreas and shows an association w...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Sandrasegaran K,Menias CO

更新日期：2018-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bile supersaturation is necessary for cholesterol gallstones to form. Not all people with supersaturated bile form gallstones, however, and additional factors must be present. The role of pronucleating substances has been extensively studied. Of these, proteins, especially mucin, are best understood. Mucin is secreted...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Ko CW,Lee SP

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diverticulitis represents a spectrum of clinical entities ranging from minimal pericolitis in the adjacent mesentery to uncontrolled intra-abdominal sepsis and septic shock. The presentation most often described is left lower quadrant abdominal pain, fever, chills, and left lower quadrant tenderness associated with a ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Pohlman T

更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Radiation therapy (RT) has been used to treat cancers for more than a century. Recent randomized trials have helped clarify the treatment recommendations in the use of RT for colorectal cancers. This article reviews these trials to illustrate key concepts, places these trials in perspective, and provides direction for...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Robertson JM

更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three (author's standard) or five biopsy specimens (two antral, two corpus, one incisura) as suggested by the Sydney system (original and revised version) [figure: see text] correctly separate infected mucosa from uninfected mucosa. No combination identified correctly the presence of intestinal metaplasia to be consid...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： el-Zimaity HM

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Barrett's metaplasia develops in 6% to 14% of individuals with gastroesophageal reflux. Barrett's adenocarcinomas are increasing in epidemic proportions for, as yet unknown, reasons; approximately 0.5% to 1% of patients with Barrett's metaplasia develop adenocarcinoma. Heartburn duration and frequency (but not severit...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Reynolds JC,Waronker M,Pacquing MS,Yassin RR

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global public health burden. NAFLD, while strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome, can occur independently from existing metabolic diseases. In addition to liver-related disease burden and mortality, significant extrahepatic disease outcomes coexist with NA...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Wattacheril J

更新日期：2020-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Constipation and diarrhea are common during pregnancy, occurring in up to one-third of women. Constipation is often the result of physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy, usually from hormonal effects on gastrointestinal motility. Diarrhea, on the other hand, is often caused by the same disorders responsible f...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Bonapace ES Jr,Fisher RS

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Constipation is a common clinical problem that comprises a constellation of symptoms that include excessive straining, hard stools, feeling of incomplete evacuation, use of digital maneuvers, or infrequent defecation. Although many conditions, such as metabolic problems, fiber deficiency, anorectal problems, and drugs...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Rao SS

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Swallowed fluticasone and oral viscous budesonide are effective first-line therapies for eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Side effects are minimal without evidence of Cushing syndrome, as seen in treatment with systemic corticosteroids. New studies on alternative delivery systems and different corticosteroids (eg...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Contreras EM,Gupta SK

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effort to improve outcomes in esophageal cancer has included attempts at improving staging and patient selection. 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-Dglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been extensively studied in this context and has been widely accepted as a staging tool. Its role in restaging or assessing t...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Yoon HH,Lowe VJ,Cassivi SD,Romero Y

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment needs confirmation in patients with persistent symptoms and in those with complicated peptic ulcer. Endoscopic surveillance after eradication is needed in patients with advanced premalignant gastric lesions, previous early gastric cancer, gastric MALT lymphoma, a...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Kuipers EJ

更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Foreign body ingestion is a common occurrence in children and in specific high-risk groups of adults such as those with underlying esophageal disease, prisoners, the mentally retarded, and those with psychiatric illnesses. Although most foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without difficulty, sharp, ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Brady PG

更新日期：1991-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Precursor lesions in the GIT include flat dysplasias, adenomas, dysplasia superimposed on nonneoplastic polyps, endocrine cell dysplasia, ACF, and condyloma accuminatum. Interobserver variability can be a problem in reporting dysplasia, and ancillary techniques including flow cytometry, image analysis, proliferation m...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Haber MM

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of nutritional support in acute pancreatitis is to reduce inflammation, prevent nutritional depletion, correct a negative nitrogen balance, and improve outcomes. Enteral nutrition (EN) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) should be preferred to parenteral nutrition. It maintains the integrity of the gut barrier...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Roberts KM,Nahikian-Nelms M,Ukleja A,Lara LF

更新日期：2018-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gastrointestinal endoscopy had major technological improvements and novel technologies in recent years. High-definition endoscopy has permitted an increasingly detailed view of the mucosa during colonoscopy. Filter techniques that enhance analysis of vessel and surface structures. Autofluorescence imaging relies on fu...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Goetz M

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role of the aminosalicylates for induction therapy of mild moderate ulcerative colitis and as maintenance treatment has been substantiated by a large series of controlled clinical trials and confirmatory meta-analyses. Both sulfasalazine and newer derivatives are effective in preventing relapses. It remains to be ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Harrell LE,Hanauer SB

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and/or interactions between the microbiota and the host immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Strategies that target the microbiota have emerged as potential therapies and, of these, probiotics have gained the greatest attention. ...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Abraham BP,Quigley EMM

更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The management of recurrent, symptomatic malignant ascites can be problematic for physicians and patients. The most common, low-risk method is large-volume paracentesis. Patient disease progression often leads to rapid reaccumulation of ascites, which requires frequent return visits to the hospital for symptom managem...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Rosenberg SM

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding of hemorrhoidal pathology and treatment has come a long way. The theory of a sliding anal canal lining and the knowledge that hemorrhoidal cushions are a normal part of the anal anatomy should encourage symptom control rather than radical removal of tissue. Techniques that fix the cushions back in positi...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Hulme-Moir M,Bartolo DC

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis, the cause can be established on the basis of initial history, physical examination, laboratory studies, and abdominal sonography. Patients with unexplained pancreatitis at that point are often considered to have idiopathic disease. However, a cause and, often, effec...

journal_title：Gastroenterology clinics of North America

authors： Grendell JH

更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00