Abstract：
:Breast cancer is heavily influenced by the reproductive history of the individual. Pregnancy has a protective effect which is attributed to differences in the degree of differentiation of the breast. The purpose of this work was to determine whether the quantity and the type of parenchymal structures present in the human breast were related to the age and parity history of a woman. Fifty-one human breast samples were obtained from bilateral or unilateral reduction mammoplasties performed in 40 parous women ranging in age from 18 to 57 years, and 11 nulliparous women ranging in age from 14 to 54 years. An average of 100 grams of tissue/specimen were processed for whole mount. A total of 650 slides were examined and 31,222 structures were classified and counted under the light microscope. The following mammary structures were identified: terminal structures (TS), and lobules (LOB) type 1, 2, and 3. Results were plotted for the total patient population and separately for nulliparous and parous women against age. The total patient population contained similar proportions of LOb1, 2, and 3 between ages 14-18, with a reduction of percentage of Lob1 and increase in Lob3 between ages 23 to the middle forties, when Lob3 decreased and Lob1 increased to 70%. Lob2 and TS did not exhibit significant changes throughout the period of life analyzed. When analyzed separately it was found that the breasts of nulliparous women were predominantly composed of Lob1, fewer Lob2, with Lob3 almost completely absent, whereas parous women had a high frequency of Lob3, which were the predominant structures until the fourth decade of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
journal_name
Breast Cancer Res Treatjournal_title
Breast cancer research and treatmentauthors
Russo J,Rivera R,Russo IHdoi
10.1007/BF01833517subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-01-01 00:00:00pages
211-8issue
3eissn
0167-6806issn
1573-7217journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is rapidly emerging as an alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for many female breast cancer patients. In contrast, ALND remains the standard of care for male breast cancer patients with similar tumors. We evaluated the results of SLN biopsy in male breast cancer patien...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1021173902253
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The research question of this investigation is whether the reduction rate of Ki-67 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) could indicate a survival in patients with non-pCR. A total of 455 patients had received NAC, and subsequent surgery was analyzed retrospectively. Patients with non-pCR were divided into three subgro...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-014-3084-6
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To examine the association between breast cancer risk factors and second primary cancers (independent diagnoses occurring at least 12 months after the initial breast cancer diagnosis) among breast cancer survivors. METHODS:In this population-based study, cancer outcomes among breast cancer survivors first diag...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-006-9446-y
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of the study was to compare breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and mastectomy (M) in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Women with invasive breast cancer and a pathogenic mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 were included in the study (n = 162). Patients treated with BCT (n = 45) were compared with patients treated with M (n =...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-014-3115-3
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fulvestrant fIRst-line Study comparing endocrine Treatments is a phase II, randomized, open-label study comparing fulvestrant 500 mg with anastrozole 1 mg as first-line endocrine therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) advanced breast cancer. At data cut-off, only 36 % of patients had pro...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s10549-012-2192-4
更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:To examine the trends in the prevalence of breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast cancer incidence trends and to explore whether the changes in risk factors differed by ethnicity in Hawaii over a 25-year period. METHODS:We pooled 17 population-based epidemiological studies conducted in Hawaii be...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-005-9129-0
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous studies showing the presence of antibodies against tumor-associated antigens in healthy individuals suggest that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) might play a role in the development of breast cancer. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms in fragment c gamma receptor (FcgR) genes were assoc...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s10549-010-1109-3
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic risk prediction models such as BRCAPRO are used routinely in genetic counseling for identification of potential BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. They require extensive information on the counselee and her family history, and thus are not practical for primary care. To address this gap, we develop and test a ...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-016-3686-2
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This prospective study assessed the endometrial effects of fulvestrant, a pure estrogen-receptor antagonist, in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. This single-center study enrolled postmenopausal patients who had an intact uterus at baseline with progressive metastatic breast cancer on tamoxifen followed by an o...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-008-0248-2
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inheritance is believed to play a major role in 5-10% of breast cancer. The breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are estimated to account for more than half of these cases. Recent studies have suggested that breast cancers associated with BRCA1 germline mutations are of higher grade than sporadic cases. ...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1023/a:1005853022804
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To investigate the discordance between original and central laboratories in estrogen receptor (ER) status, in tumors originally deemed to be ER-negative, and in HER2 status in a diverse population-based sample. METHODS:In a follow-up study of 1785 women with Stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed between 2005 and...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-016-4061-z
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) facilitates maturation and stability of HER2. Combining an Hsp90 inhibitor and trastuzumab has demonstrated anti-tumor effects in patients with HER2+ breast cancer. Adults with measurable, locally advanced or metastatic HER2+ breast cancer and prior trastuzumab treatment were enrolled in ...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s10549-013-2510-5
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biology of breast cancer in Japan appears to be changing in that, while post-menopausal Japanese patients have a better prognosis than comparable British women, no differences in recurrence or survival rates can now be found in pre-menopausal patients. ...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF02633545
更新日期：1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The stage-specific survival of young breast cancer patients has improved, likely due to diagnostic and treatment advances. We addressed whether survival improvements have reached all socioeconomic groups in a country with universal health care and national treatment guidelines. METHODS:Using Norwegian registry...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-020-05698-z
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in benign and malignant breast epithelium. The EGFR, when mutated or over-expressed in the presence of its ligand, is transforming in other tissues or cell types. It is therefore of major interest in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer to understand the role...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00666176
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies in patients with breast cancer suggest the immune microenvironment influences response to therapy. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between growth rates of tumors in common spontaneous mammary tumor models and immune biomarkers evaluated in the tumor and blood. TgMMTV-neu and C3(1)-Tag transgenic m...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-014-3199-9
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The separate impacts of dose and dose intensity of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer remain uncertain. The primary objective of this trial was to compare a short, high-dose, intensive course of epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (EC) with a longer conventional dose regimen delivering the same total dose of...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s10549-019-05187-y
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammographic density (MD) is a strong marker of breast cancer risk, but it is debated whether the association holds, and is of a similar magnitude, for different subtypes of breast cancer defined by receptor status or gene expression profiles. A literature search conducted in June 2012 was used to identify all studies...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1007/s10549-012-2362-4
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lapatinib is approved in combination with capecitabine for treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who have progressed on prior trastuzumab in the metastatic setting. Vinorelbine is an important chemotherapy option for MBC. We evaluated efficac...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s10549-013-2828-z
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While many reports describe health-related quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer survivors, few compare QOL before and after diagnosis and whether changes in QOL substantially differ from changes experienced by all women during aging. QOL was examined in a cohort of female residents of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, aged ...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-007-9653-1
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:A multicenter phase II study was conducted to analyze the clinical activity of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor exemestane in the neoadjuvant treatment of post-menopausal women with strongly ER- and/or PgR- positive operable breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS:From September 2000 to December 2003, 80 women...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s10549-007-9843-x
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：MAIN PURPOSE:Germline BRCA mutations (BRCAm) strongly influence the risk of developing breast cancer. This study aimed to understand the role of BRCAm testing in affected individuals and to assess its impact on the outcome of BRCAm carriers compared to non-carriers (BRCAwt) with breast cancer. RESEARCH QUESTION:The re...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-020-06038-x
更新日期：2021-01-03 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Results from four major hypofractionated whole-breast radiotherapy (HF-WBRT) trials have demonstrated equivalence in select patients with early-stage breast cancer when compared with conventionally fractionated WBRT (CF-WBRT). Because relatively little data were available on patients receiving neoadjuvant or ad...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-017-4345-y
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Genomic studies have revealed that genomic aberrations play important roles in the progression of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between clinical survival outcomes of the clonality and subclonality status of driver genes in breast cancer. METHODS:We performed an integrated...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-019-05153-8
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Previous meta-analyses have examined the prognosis of women with pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) as well as pregnancy that follows breast cancer diagnosis. Since then, many additional studies have been performed. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to examine the prognosis for women who become pre...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1007/s10549-016-3989-3
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Women with reduced CYP2D6 activity have low endoxifen concentrations and likely worse long term benefits from tamoxifen. We investigated the association between CYP2D6 genotype and tamoxifen-induced hot flashes in a prospective cohort. We collected hot flash frequency and severity data over 12 months from 297 women in...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s10549-009-0309-1
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cardiac toxicity from anthracyclines (ACH) can lead to therapy discontinuation, hospitalization or congestive heart failure (CHF). Since such risk may vary by patient, we developed and tested a risk-prediction tool for cardiac toxicity in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients receiving chemotherapy with do...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-007-9803-5
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study is to identify and validate copy number aberrations in early-stage primary breast tumors associated with bone or non-bone metastasis. Whole-genome molecular inversion probe arrays were used to evaluate copy number imbalances (CNIs) in breast tumors from 960 early-stage patients with information a...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-013-2796-3
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study was to determine the conversion rate of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) between primary tumors and metastatic lesions in advanced breast cancer. Patients with suspected diagnosis of locally recurrent or metastatic breast...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1007/s10549-013-2825-2
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The early spread of tumor cells in primary breast cancer patients may occur either through lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination. Lymph node (LN) status and presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in bone marrow (BM) are independent predictors of poor outcome. It is unknown which factors determine one or the othe...
journal_title：Breast cancer research and treatment
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s10549-011-1802-x
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
