Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To estimate the annual direct cost of managing erectile dysfunction (ED) to the UK National Health Service (NHS) and to examine the impact of the introduction of sildenafil in 1998 and Schedule 11 restrictions in 1999. DESIGN:A prevalence-based cost-of-illness approach was used. The period 1997 to 2000 was covered. The numbers of ED prescriptions, prosthesis implantations and general practitioner (GP) consultations were retrieved retrospectively from UK resource utilisation databases. The number of specialist consultations and psychosexual therapy sessions were estimated from NHS clinic data. National resource unit costs were applied. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS:Between 1997 and 2000 the number of men presenting with ED increased from 79,800 to 257,984. The cost to the NHS increased from pounds sterling 29.4 million to pounds sterling 73.8 million (2000 estimates). The cost per patient fell from pounds sterling 368 to pounds sterling 286. In 1997, most NHS costs came from psychosexual therapy (30.7%), specialist consultations (20.2%) and intracavernosal injections (26.6%). By 2000, NHS costs came primarily from specialist consultations (32.0%), sildenafil prescriptions (26.2%), psychosexual therapy (13.6%) and GP consultations (12.0%). The annual cost was most sensitive to the number of drug prescriptions and specialist consultations. CONCLUSIONS:The increased NHS cost of managing ED was due mainly to a three-fold increase in the number of men presenting to GPs, substantial numbers of whom were then referred for specialist consultations under Schedule 11 restrictions. This naturally resulted in the increased use of all resources including sildenafil. The cost effectiveness of transferring prescribing responsibility in cases of severe distress from specialists to GPs in primary care remains to be determined.
journal_name
Pharmacoeconomicsjournal_title
PharmacoEconomicsauthors
Wilson EC,McKeen ES,Scuffham PA,Brown MC,Wylie K,Hackett Gdoi
10.2165/00019053-200220130-00002subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-01-01 00:00:00pages
879-89issue
13eissn
1170-7690issn
1179-2027pii
201302journal_volume
20pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The elderly are a heterogeneous population group who range from well and completely independent individuals to a smaller proportion who are frail, require help and are high users of the healthcare system. Since health is a state of well-being which includes the domains of social, spiritual, psychological and physical ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199712050-00004
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Productivity costs are frequently omitted from economic evaluations, despite their often strong impact on cost-effectiveness outcomes. This neglect may be partly explained by the lack of standardization regarding the methodology of estimating productivity costs. This paper aims to contribute to standardization of prod...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0132-3
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article examines the twin concepts of the statistical significance and quantitative importance of observed differences in studies comparing medicines in terms of economic parameters such as cost-effectiveness and measures of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Central to the design and interpretation of any ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199405050-00005
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regulation of pricing and trade for in-patent medicines within the European pharmaceutical sector presents a major challenge. In conditions of large sunk costs and consumers with differential willingness to pay--between different Member States--an efficient way of pricing in-patent medicines is through price discr...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200018001-00008
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Epilepsy is a chronic condition with numerous social and psychological consequences. This work aimed to review available data on epilepsy and the impact of surgical and pharmaceutical treatments on the quality of life in adults and children. Research on quality of life in epilepsy is characterised by a wide and fragme...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200220150-00002
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:During the 1990s, a number of new cytotoxic agents with clinically relevant activity in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and with a more favourable therapeutic index than drugs already in use, became available. Given the high prices of these new drugs and the large number of patients affected, it is impor...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523110-00007
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to determine the costs and effects associated with a community pharmacy-based smoking-cessation programme in Northern Ireland, using the perspective of the payer in the main analysis. DESIGN AND SETTING:Data from a pilot study conducted in 2 community pharmacies in Northern Ireland w...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814030-00008
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cost-utility analysis (CUA) is a technique that can potentially be used as a guide to allocating healthcare resources so as to obtain the maximum health benefits possible under a given budget constraint. However, it is not clear that current practice captures societal preferences regarding health benefits. In analyses...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200321020-00001
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Disease management is a systematic approach to a health condition or a healthcare intervention that organises preventative, interventional and care approaches throughout the continuum of care and which measures outcomes in terms of populations, not individuals. Disease management's advantage over the current component...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814010-00002
更新日期:1998-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199508010-00006
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Potential differences in toxicity, potency and acquisition price among the liposomal amphotericin B formulations makes it unclear which agent is less costly when total resource consumption and treatment-associated costs are considered. DESIGN:A retrospective cost-minimisation analysis in 51 patients was per...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422050-00004
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199600093-00015
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of using different cost-effectiveness measures in the economic evaluation of cholesterol-modifying pharmacotherapy. DESIGN AND SETTING:An economic model was used to examine the extent to which the relative cost effectiveness of cholesterol-modifying agents varies depending upon the cos...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199916020-00008
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Potential conflict between the goals of the investigators and the sponsors of pharmacoeconomic and clinical research has been well documented. Although there have been efforts to formalise relationships between sponsors and investigators in some areas of clinical research, no set of guidelines or standardised contract...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507030-00004
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199508060-00006
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are regularly used in health economics to elicit preferences for healthcare products and programmes. There is growing recognition that DCEs can provide more than information on preferences and, in particular, they have the potential to contribute more directly to outcome measurement ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200826080-00004
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health reform is currently the predominant health policy issue in the US. It carries profound implications for the pharmaceutical field, including the possibility of price controls that could stifle pharmaceutical research. While policy makers are contemplating alternative approaches to reform, the marketplace for pha...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199400061-00018
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Bipolar disorder has a significant impact upon a patient's quality of life, imposing a considerable economic burden on the individual, family members and society as a whole. Several medications are indicated for the acute treatment of mania and depression associated with bipolar disorder as well as for maint...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11594930-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Our objective was to identify, among the information routinely collected on patients in intensive care units (ICUs), data that determine the total cost for a given patient. DESIGN:We developed a model that could help physicians in medical ICUs to estimate the cost of care for their patients when no cost data...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-199915060-00005
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Asian healthcare systems are very diverse, representing cultures, political systems and economies from more than 30 countries with varying histories. Despite the diversity in the region, there has been enormous growth in health economics and outcomes research since the beginning of the 21st century. Whilst Japan has s...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11538360-000000000-00000
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abstract::A number of recent findings from the literature imply that the value of a QALY varies depending on the concentration or dispersion of that QALY over treated individuals. Given that funding decisions are currently made under either the assumption of distributive-neutrality or some combination of explicit decision crite...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200624090-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with AIDS. Over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-PCP medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. Recently, the US Food and Drug Admi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609060-00007
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of alcoholism in the Federal Republic of Germany. Direct costs comprised treatment costs, while indirect costs consisted mainly of costs incurred as a result of work time lost, as well as costs related to premature retirement and premature mortali...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199610050-00006
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper analyses the 32 technology appraisals completed by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK from its establishment to the end of January 2002. It looks at why technologies have been rejected, what has happened to products reviewed at launch, evidence of rationing on cost-effectiveness...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200220003-00010
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venetoclax is licensed to treat relapsed or refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). As part of the Single Technology Appraisal (STA) ID944, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited AbbVie, the manufacturer, to submit evidence on the use of venetoclax, within its licensed indic...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0599-9
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A systematic review of dementia cost-of-illness (COI) studies in the US and Canada was conducted to explore the policy-making relevance of these studies. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EconLit, AMED and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2010 for English-language COI articles. Content analysis was used to ex...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11539450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has become increasingly popular to carry out cost-effectiveness analyses in economic evaluations of healthcare programmes. Cost-effectiveness analysis is based on the maximisation of the health effects for a given amount of resources. However, many published studies fail to report the results of cost-effectiveness ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609020-00003
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In many healthcare systems, affordability concerns can lead to restrictions on the use of expensive efficacious therapies. However, there does not appear to be any consensus as to the terminology used to describe affordability, or the thresholds used to determine whether new drugs are affordable. OBJECTIVES...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0514-4
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:A cost-effectiveness analysis of oral capecitabine versus intravenous bolus 5-fluorouracil/l-leucovorin (FU/LV) as adjuvant therapy in patients with stage 3 colon cancer was performed from a Japanese healthcare payer perspective. METHODS:Adjuvant therapy comprised 24 weeks of treatment with either oral capec...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11310110-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) has been increasingly used in preterm infants in the last 3 to 4 years. Recent studies have indicated a reduction in blood transfusion requirements in infants receiving rHuEpo. No significant adverse effects have emerged, apart from iron deficiency (if iron supplementation is ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199712040-00002
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00