Abstract:
:The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of alcoholism in the Federal Republic of Germany. Direct costs comprised treatment costs, while indirect costs consisted mainly of costs incurred as a result of work time lost, as well as costs related to premature retirement and premature mortality. The costs of alcoholism were estimated using the aggregated statistics of several social security organisations and official statistics. For the purposes of this study, alcoholism was defined as alcohol dependence syndrome [9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases code (ICD) 303], alcoholic chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (ICD 571.0 to 571.3), and alcoholic psychoses (ICD 291). The reference period consisted of the years 1985 to 1991. All statistics and all analyses were limited to the so-called old states of Germany, within the boundaries as they were before 3rd October 1990. The overall monetary burden (in 1990 Deutschemarks) of alcoholism in the western part of Germany in 1990 was estimated to be DM5975 million. Alcoholism is associated with considerably more indirect costs (DM4422 million) than direct costs (DM1553 million). The predominance of indirect costs is mainly the result of the very high premature mortality of patients with alcoholism. Thus, the cost of premature mortality makes up more than half of the indirect costs of alcoholism (DM2284 million), while about a quarter of the indirect costs (DM1150 million) are associated with inability to work. Early retirement accounts for a similar amount (DM988 million). The majority of direct costs is accounted for by treatment in acute hospitals (DM869 million). Costs incurred as a result of rehabilitation treatment (DM373 million) and ambulatory care (DM331 million) are also considerable.
journal_name
Pharmacoeconomicsjournal_title
PharmacoEconomicsauthors
Brecht JG,Poldrugo F,Schädlich PKdoi
10.2165/00019053-199610050-00006subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-11-01 00:00:00pages
484-93issue
5eissn
1170-7690issn
1179-2027journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:In Australia, many patients who are initiated on asthma controller inhalers receive combination inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist (ICS/LABA) despite having asthma of sufficiently low severity that ICS-alone would be equally effective and less costly for the government. METHODS:We conducted a ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-018-0731-5
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Answering the demanding questions asked of pharmacotherapy in the 21st century will require more reliance on the disciplines of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology can help assess patterns and appropriateness of drug utilisation, provide explanations for poor compliance, quantify the frequ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422002-00009
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increasingly in the developed world, patients expect to be partners in the management of their healthcare. Several recent studies show that the patient perspective differs from the perspective of the healthcare provider. Patients usually focus on the impact of their condition on their lifestyle, while clinicians may t...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200119002-00009
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pharmacogenetics offers the potential to improve health outcomes by identifying individuals who are at greater risk of harm from certain medicines. Routine adoption of pharmacogenetic tests requires evidence of their cost effectiveness. OBJECTIVE:The present review aims to systematically review published ec...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-016-0397-9
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The symptoms of onychomycosis and their impact on personal appearance are important determinants of patients' perceptions of their own health. The effect of onychomycosis is greater on psychosocial than physical functioning and is directly related to the extent of nail involvement. This review identified a number of d...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200220010-00003
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Carcinoid syndrome, a rare condition in patients with neuroendocrine tumours, characterised by flushing and diarrhoea, severely affects patients' quality of life. The current carcinoid syndrome standard of care includes somatostatin analogues, but some patients experience uncontrolled symptoms despite somato...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00896-5
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a major orthopaedic procedure with a high risk of postoperative thromboembolism. Increasing demand for this type of surgery, together with its high cost, has led to examination of means by which the cost of THA may be minimised. Current clinical opinion favours the use of suitable pharm...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199610020-00009
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The COUGAR-02 trial recently showed survival and quality-of-life benefits of docetaxel and active symptom control (DXL + ASC) over active symptom control (ASC) alone in patients with refractory oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. AIM:The aim of this study was to conduct an economic evaluation conforming to Nat...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0324-5
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to compare the cost effectiveness of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with other antibacterial regimens for prophylaxis of infection after elective abdominal or gynaecological surgery. Data from 21 previously published comparative clinical trials were used to calculate statistical confidence...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507040-00008
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Using the method of willingness to pay (WTP), this study assesses the value of a new antidepressant, moclobemide, relative to that of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which have equivalent efficacy but less favourable adverse effect profiles. From a published meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials, we identified...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199508010-00006
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Cost is an issue when prescribing two drugs with equivalent efficacy. We compared the direct medical costs of topical brinzolamide 1% (twice a day or three times daily) with topical dorzolamide 2% (twice a day or three times daily) in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain in patients with ocular hypertension or p...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-200321030-00005
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends regular physician follow-up and lipid testing to promote adherence with lipid-lowering medications. The objective of this study was to determine whether lipid tests and physician visits after treatment initiation are indeed associated with...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422003-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the cost effectiveness of sequential intravenous (i.v.) to oral ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole (CIP/MTZ i.v./PO) with that of i.v. ciprofloxacin plus i.v. metronidazole (CIP/MTZ i.v.) and i.v. imipenem-cilastatin (IMI i.v.) in patients with intra-abdominal infections. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:Pat...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-199916050-00011
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Productivity costs are frequently omitted from economic evaluations, despite their often strong impact on cost-effectiveness outcomes. This neglect may be partly explained by the lack of standardization regarding the methodology of estimating productivity costs. This paper aims to contribute to standardization of prod...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0132-3
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) invited the manufacturer of pazopanib hydrochloride (GlaxoSmithKline) to submit evidence of the clinical and cost effectiveness of the drug for the first-line treatment of advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma, as part of the Institute's single...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-012-0006-5
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The study objective was to evaluate and compare quality-of-life (QOL) parameters between patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus who changed therapy from an oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA) to insulin and those who remained on an OHA. DESIGN:The World Health Organization Quality of Life ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814020-00008
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A survey of the prescribing of psychotropic drugs was carried out at the Psychiatric Hospital of Bahrain. This retrospective study on 60 inpatients of the Long Stay Ward revealed a man:woman ratio of 2.7. 91% of the men and 88% of the women were over 40 years old. 44 of the 60 patients had a diagnosis of schizophre...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199201030-00007
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The original article can be found online. ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00950-2
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lung cancer is among the top causes of cancer-related deaths. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors can increase progression-free survival compared with standard chemotherapy in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). OBJECTIVE:The aim o...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0305-8
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Several vaccine and antibody candidates are currently in development for the prevention of lower respiratory tract infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). METHODS:We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and SCOPUS and included model-based evaluations of RSV vaccinations. Two reviewers performed the...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type:
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00991-7
更新日期:2021-01-19 00:00:00
abstract::A systematic review of dementia cost-of-illness (COI) studies in the US and Canada was conducted to explore the policy-making relevance of these studies. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EconLit, AMED and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2010 for English-language COI articles. Content analysis was used to ex...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11539450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This tutorial presents practical guidance on transforming various types of information published in journals, or available online from government and other sources, into transition probabilities for use in state-transition models, including cost-effectiveness models. Much, but not all, of the guidance has been previou...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00937-z
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In today's environment, the demand for efficient healthcare resource allocation is increasing. As new technologies become available, allocation decisions become more complex and tools to assist decision makers in determining efficient allocations of healthcare resources are encouraged. Mathematical programs have multi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200321120-00001
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study provides the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis of levetiracetam as an adjunctive treatment for refractory epilepsy from the Canadian Ministry of Health perspective. The main objective is to estimate the expected cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as the incremental cost per seizure-free day...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523050-00008
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cefotaxime is a parenterally administered third generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. After more than a decade of use, cefotaxime continues to play an important role in the treatment of patients with serious infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Clinical t...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199813010-00009
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Total hip and knee replacements (THR and TKR) are high-risk settings for venous thromboembolism (VTE). This review summarizes the cost effectiveness of VTE prophylaxis regimens for THR and TKR. We searched MEDLINE (January 1997 to October 2009), EMBASE (January 1997 to June 2009) and the UK NHS Economic Evaluation Dat...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11535210-000000000-00000
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of economic evaluation in the efficient allocation of healthcare resources has been widely debated. Whilst economic evidence is undoubtedly useful to purchasers, it does not address the issue of affordability which is an increasing concern. Healthcare purchasers are concerned not just with maximising efficien...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200119060-00001
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The recently completed ALEX trial demonstrated that alectinib improved progression-free survival, and delayed time to central nervous system progression compared with crizotinib in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. However, the long-term clinical and economic impac...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-018-0625-6
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is evidence that the earlier a patient reaches hospital and receives thrombolysis, the better the outcome. The GREAT (Grampian Region Early Anistreplase Trial) directly addressed the issue of early thrombolysis by evaluating, in a randomised controlled trial, the efficacy of thrombolysis in the communi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422140-00004
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common diagnosis and care of CAP is responsible for significant healthcare expenditures, the majority of which are for patients who require hospitalisation. Studies have shown that significant variation exists among institutions with respect to antibacterial costs and length of ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422070-00001
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00