Abstract:
:Historical research on the concept of normality, its roots and its development show that this concept has its sources in very different areas of scientific and medical thinking. Of great importance were: (i) a new theory of disease arising early in the 19th century supposing a continuous change from the healthy to the diseased state; (ii) the examination of variation within and between species of plants and animals; (iii) the clinical theory of constitution developed to describe the wholeness of the individual determined both by genetic factors and the influence of the environment; (iv) the development of mathematical and statistical tools starting with the adaptation of Bernoulli's "law of the great numbers" and Gauss' and Legendre's "law of errors" to biological measurements by the Belgian astronomer Quetelet. At the end of the First World War the concept of normality was first discussed. An idealistic "value norm" was set against a statistical "frequency norm". Between 1920 and 1930 the principles of our present concept were accepted and the mathematical tools developed. It took several decades to introduce this concept into practical medicine finally being recommended by the IFCC.
journal_name
Clin Chem Lab Medjournal_title
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicineauthors
Büttner Jdoi
10.1515/CCLM.1998.013subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-01-01 00:00:00pages
69-73issue
1eissn
1434-6621issn
1437-4331journal_volume
36pub_type
历史文章,杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) and endothelin-1 have been shown to predict mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, the prognostic value of both biomarkers in predicting long-term clinical events after acute myocardial infarction remains unclear. METHODS:In a prospective...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2008.040
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is well-established that more than 8% of patients examined for vitamin B12 deficiency unexpectedly have increased plasma levels of the vitamin, but so far there are no guidelines for the clinical interpretation of such findings. In this review, we summarise known associations between high plasma cobalamin and disea...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0545
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Schwartz 2009 creatinine-based revised formula is the only pediatric GFR estimating formula, which is compatible with the recent global creatinine standardization. This formula is only applicable if enzymatic creatinine methods are used. We propose an equation, taking into account the relative bias cause...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0033
更新日期:2012-03-09 00:00:00
abstract::Two reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods to detect the AML1/ETO rearrangement in the M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia those of Downing et al. (Blood 1993; 81: 2860-5) and Satake et al. (Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 892-8) were evaluated. Bone marrow samples, one at diagnosis and two in complete remi...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.1998.026
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A body of evidence has been accumulated to demonstrate that current practice is not sufficiently safe for several stages of central laboratory testing. In particular, while analytical and perianalytical steps that take place within the laboratory are subjected to quality control procedures, this is not the case for se...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.136
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There are several methods for calculating serum osmolality, and their accordance with measured osmolality is the subject of controversy. METHODS:The concentrations of sodium, potassium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and osmolalities of 210 serum samples were measured. Two empirical equations were deduc...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.109
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has become a priority owing to the availability of effective disease-modifying agents that can improve patient wellbeing and influence the clinical outcome. However, this represents a real challenge, as no clinical, radiological or immunological features are pathognomon...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.027
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In blood, the exopeptidase dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV; EC 3.4.14.5) is predominantly present in a soluble form in plasma/serum and as an activation antigen on the membrane of lymphocytes (CD26). It modifies some important biologically active peptides (neuropeptides, chemokines), and a regulatory role for DPPIV/CD2...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2001.026
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proteomics analysis has been heralded as a novel tool for identifying new and specific biomarkers that may improve diagnosis and monitoring of various disease states. Recent years have brought a number of proteomics profiling technologies. Although proteomics profiling has resulted in the detection of disease-associat...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2009.159
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Recently published data identified bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) as a good marker of bone formation in different bone diseases and osteoporosis. Two methods are available for BALP determination: one measures enzyme activity, the other its mass concentration. We compared results for BALP activity ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.186
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The non-forage feeding of dairy cows rich in fast absorption carbohydrates, the low value of their euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp suggest a dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism able to produce neurodegenerative disorders. Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease developed in diabetes mellitus and bovine spongifo...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2002.018
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The handling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) affects the biomarker quantification used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD). Only specialized centers can test for AD markers. The precise timing and freezing is required to correctly measure these biomarkers. Therefore, the effects of CSF storage temperature and ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0800
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Increased homocysteine (Hcy) blood levels are correlated with vascular and neurological problems. AIM:The aim of the present study was to investigate erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in subjects with the MTHFR C677T genotype in relation to Hcy. METHODS:Blood was obtained from 22 in...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vivo depends on lipid composition and on plasma antioxidant status. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between plasma lipid composition and LDL oxidation and, in particular, to explore whether LDL-cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (LDL-C/TG) and LDL-choles...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2003.010
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) formed a Task Force on the Application of Cardiac Bio-markers (TF-CB) in 2008, re-designated in 2018 as a committee (C-CB), to produce educational materials on cardiac biomarkers. Established in June 2017, definitive tables covering the ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-1211
更新日期:2019-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Given the lack of information about Y haplotypes for Campania (southern Italy), we analyzed eight Y short tandem repeats in a sample of males from this region with the aim of establishing a Y-haplotype database that can be used for forensic purposes. The eight Y short tandem repeats were amplified by two PCR multiplex...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.027
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We estimated the frequencies of phenotype (isoelectric focusing; IEF) vs. genotype (PCR/Hhal) discordance in a sample of an aged population (> 65 years). Both phenotype and genotype techniques have been used in the study of apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism in 125 elderly subjects. The discordance between phenotype...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2001.065
更新日期:2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Premature osteoporosis is a frequent problem in female athletes. Current concepts suggest that a disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis leads to hypoestrogenism, which then causes amenorrhea and osteoporosis. However, the underlying mechanisms have been insufficiently investigated. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.258
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The dogma of establishing intra-laboratory reference limits (RLs) and their periodic review cannot be fulfilled by most laboratories due to the expenses involved. Thus, most laboratories adopt external sources for their RLs, often neglecting the problems of transferability. This is particularly problematic f...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.114
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surface-enhanced laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) is an important proteomic technology that is immediately available for the high throughput analysis of complex protein samples. Over the last few years, several studies have demonstrated that comparative protein profiling using SELDI-TOF...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.351
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increased expression of sialyl Lewis X or A antigens on metastatic cancer cells leads to their selectin-mediated extravasation. Profound fucosylation of the serum microenvironment may be a factor that interrupts adhesion and influences the formation of metastases. In this study we quantitatively analyzed fucosylation ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.066
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Efficient laboratory service is the cornerstone of modern health care systems. Scientific innovations have contributed to substantial improvements in the field of laboratory science, but errors still prevail. These errors are classified as preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical, depending upon the time...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.006
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is currently no well-established biomarker for Parkinson's disease. The need to better diagnose the condition, define the subtypes of disease, and follow its course independent of any symptomatic drug effects is well-established. In this review, we will begin by reviewing the evidence for biological fluid biomar...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.080
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past decades, the randomized controlled trial has entered an era of continuous improvement and has gradually become accepted as the most effective way of determining the relative efficacy and toxicity of new therapies because it controls for placebo and time effects. However, even sensitive and properly desig...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.1999.152
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 is essential for cardiac development and structural remodeling, and mutations in HAND1 have been causally linked to various congenital heart diseases. However, whether genetically compromised HAND1 predisposes to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans rem...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0766
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Urinary enzymes, including the brush border enzyme alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), are reliable biomarkers of nephrotoxicity and represent early indicators of tubular damage. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an automated urinary AAP activity assay. METHODS AND RESULTS:For this purpose,...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2008.103
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:EGFR mutation is an emerging biomarker for treatment selection in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, optimal mutation detection is hindered by complications associated with the biopsy procedure, tumor heterogeneity and limited sensitivity of test methodology. In this study, we evaluated th...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0851
更新日期:2017-10-26 00:00:00
abstract::Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and is regarded as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The metabolic pathways of ADMA and homocysteine are strongly intertwined. First, during synthesis of ADMA, two equivalents of homocysteine are formed. Second, homocystein...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.197
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objectives:Matrix differences among serum samples from non-pregnant and pregnant patients could bias measurements. Standard Reference Material 1949, Frozen Human Prenatal Serum, was developed to provide a quality assurance material for the measurement of hormones and nutritional elements throughout pregnancy. Methods:...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-0977
更新日期:2020-10-26 00:00:00
abstract::This review presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The discussion focuses on the applicability of the methods for the identification of unknown toxic compounds, which is defined as systematic toxicological analysis (...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2003.117
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00