当前位置： SCI文献检索 > PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA期刊下所有文献 > Analysis of HIV-1 env gene sequences reveals evidence for a low effective number in the viral population.

Analysis of HIV-1 env gene sequences reveals evidence for a low effective number in the viral population.

Abstract：

:Selection is usually considered to be the dominant force controlling viral variation; the large population sizes suggest that deterministic population genetic models are appropriate. To investigate their validity for HIV, samples of env gene sequences were tested for departure from neutrality because of mutation-selection balance. None of the samples departed significantly when tested as nucleotide sequences. At the amino acid level, significantly elevated diversity was detected in two samples within, but not outside, the V3 loop. The effective population number has been estimated (using a phylogenetic method) to be close to 10(3). Estimates from nucleotide diversity are about 2-fold lower. The low value of the effective population number might arise from high variability in progeny number between infected cells, from the expansion in population number from a small inoculum as the virus is transmitted between hosts, or from variable selection at linked sites. These results suggest that the population genetics of HIV are best described by stochastic models.

journal_name

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

journal_title

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors

Brown AJ

doi

10.1073/pnas.94.5.1862

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

1997-03-04 00:00:00

pages

1862-5

issue

5

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

journal_volume

94

pub_type

杂志文章

相关文献

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA文献大全
  • Affinity maturation of antibodies assisted by in silico modeling.

    abstract：:Rational engineering methods can be applied with reasonable success to optimize physicochemical characteristics of proteins, in particular, antibodies. Here, we describe a combined CDR3 walking randomization and rational design-based approach to enhance the affinity of the human anti-gastrin TA4 scFv. The application ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0801221105

    authors： Barderas R,Desmet J,Timmerman P,Meloen R,Casal JI

    更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

  • IKKβ slows Huntington's disease progression in R6/1 mice.

    abstract：:Neuroinflammation is an important contributor to neuronal pathology and death in neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injury. Therapeutic interventions blocking the activity of the inflammatory kinase IKKβ, a key regulator of neuroinflammatory pathways, is protective in several animal models of neurodegenerative di...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1814246116

    authors： Ochaba J,Fote G,Kachemov M,Thein S,Yeung SY,Lau AL,Hernandez S,Lim RG,Casale M,Neel MJ,Monuki ES,Reidling J,Housman DE,Thompson LM,Steffan JS

    更新日期：2019-05-28 00:00:00

  • Assembly and mechanism of a group II ECF transporter.

    abstract：:Energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters are a recently discovered family of primary active transporters for micronutrients and vitamins, such as biotin, thiamine, and riboflavin. Found exclusively in archaea and bacteria, including the human pathogens Listeria, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus, ECF transporters may...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1217361110

    authors： Karpowich NK,Wang DN

    更新日期：2013-02-12 00:00:00

  • A B lymphocyte mitogen is a Brucella abortus virulence factor required for persistent infection.

    abstract：:Microbial pathogens with the ability to establish chronic infections have evolved strategies to actively modulate the host immune response. Brucellosis is a disease caused by a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that if not treated during the initial phase of the infection becomes chronic as the bacteria persist for...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0603362103

    authors： Spera JM,Ugalde JE,Mucci J,Comerci DJ,Ugalde RA

    更新日期：2006-10-31 00:00:00

  • Derived alleles of two axis proteins affect meiotic traits in autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa.

    abstract：:Polyploidy, which results from whole genome duplication (WGD), has shaped the long-term evolution of eukaryotic genomes in all kingdoms. Polyploidy is also implicated in adaptation, domestication, and speciation. Yet when WGD newly occurs, the resulting neopolyploids face numerous challenges. A particularly pernicious...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1919459117

    authors： Morgan C,Zhang H,Henry CE,Franklin FCH,Bomblies K

    更新日期：2020-04-21 00:00:00

  • Mitochondrial creatine kinase: a major constituent of pathological inclusions seen in mitochondrial myopathies.

    abstract：:Overaccumulation of abnormally organized mitochondria in so-called "ragged-red" skeletal muscle fibers is a morphological hallmark of mitochondrial myopathies, in particular of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Characteristic for the abnormal mitochondria is the occurrence of highly ordered crystalline inclusions. Im...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.91.11.5089

    authors： Stadhouders AM,Jap PH,Winkler HP,Eppenberger HM,Wallimann T

    更新日期：1994-05-24 00:00:00

  • Interaction of the synprint site of N-type Ca2+ channels with the C2B domain of synaptotagmin I.

    abstract：:N-type Ca2+ channels mediate Ca2+ influx, which initiates fast exocytosis of neurotransmitters at synapses, and they interact directly with the SNARE proteins syntaxin and SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa) through a synaptic protein interaction (synprint) site in the intracellular loop connecting doma...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.94.10.5405

    authors： Sheng ZH,Yokoyama CT,Catterall WA

    更新日期：1997-05-13 00:00:00

  • Expansion of human NK-22 cells with IL-7, IL-2, and IL-1beta reveals intrinsic functional plasticity.

    abstract：:Natural killer-22 (NK-22) cells are a human NK cell subset situated in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues that specialize in IL-22 secretion in response to IL-23. Here we investigated the cytokine requirements for NK-22 cell expansion. IL-7 maintained the survival of NK-22 cells and IL-22 production in response to IL...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1005641107

    authors： Cella M,Otero K,Colonna M

    更新日期：2010-06-15 00:00:00

  • Increased primary tumor growth in mice null for beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or selectins.

    abstract：:Expression of alphavbeta3- or alphavbeta5-integrins and selectins is widespread on blood cells and endothelial cells. Here we report that human tumor cells injected s.c. into mice lacking beta3- or beta3/beta5-integrins or various selectins show enhanced tumor growth compared with growth in control mice. There was inc...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0307289101

    authors： Taverna D,Moher H,Crowley D,Borsig L,Varki A,Hynes RO

    更新日期：2004-01-20 00:00:00

  • Human embryonic zeta-globin chains in adult patients with alpha-thalassemias.

    abstract：:Human embryonic zeta-globin chains are alpha-globin-like chains that are normally present during the first three months of gestation. In this investigation, zeta-globin chains measured by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay and by an electrophoretic technique were found to be present in all 7 patients studied wi...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.81.19.6188

    authors： Chung SW,Wong SC,Clarke BJ,Patterson M,Walker WH,Chui DH

    更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00

  • Iron pnictides as a new setting for quantum criticality.

    abstract：:Two major themes in the physics of condensed matter are quantum critical phenomena and unconventional superconductivity. These usually occur in the context of competing interactions in systems of strongly correlated electrons. All this interesting physics comes together in the behavior of the recently discovered iron ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0900886106

    authors： Dai J,Si Q,Zhu JX,Abrahams E

    更新日期：2009-03-17 00:00:00

  • Landau-Ginzburg theory of cortex dynamics: Scale-free avalanches emerge at the edge of synchronization.

    abstract：:Understanding the origin, nature, and functional significance of complex patterns of neural activity, as recorded by diverse electrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques, is a central challenge in neuroscience. Such patterns include collective oscillations emerging out of neural synchronization as well as highly h...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1712989115

    authors： di Santo S,Villegas P,Burioni R,Muñoz MA

    更新日期：2018-02-13 00:00:00

  • 5-Azacytidine and sodium butyrate induce expression of aromatase in fibroblasts from chickens carrying the henny feathering trait but not from wild-type chickens.

    abstract：:Male chickens with the henny feathering trait have a female feathering pattern. In two henny-feathered breeds, the Sebright bantam and the Golden Campine, the synthesis of estrogen is increased as a consequence of increased activity of aromatase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. The activi...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.82.9.3005

    authors： Leshin M

    更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

  • A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.

    abstract：:Global declines in biodiversity are altering disease dynamics in complex and multifaceted ways. Changes in biodiversity can have several outcomes on disease risk, including dilution and amplification effects, both of which can have a profound influence on the effects of disease in a community. The dilution effect occu...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1108490108

    authors： Searle CL,Biga LM,Spatafora JW,Blaustein AR

    更新日期：2011-09-27 00:00:00

  • Nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis for time series with intermittency and low-frequency variability.

    abstract：:Many processes in science and engineering develop multiscale temporal and spatial patterns, with complex underlying dynamics and time-dependent external forcings. Because of the importance in understanding and predicting these phenomena, extracting the salient modes of variability empirically from incomplete observati...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1118984109

    authors： Giannakis D,Majda AJ

    更新日期：2012-02-14 00:00:00

  • Deletion of Drosophila insulin-like peptides causes growth defects and metabolic abnormalities.

    abstract：:Insulin/Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates homeostasis and growth in mammals, and is implicated in diseases from diabetes to cancer. In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other invertebrates, multiple Insulin-Like Peptides (DILPs) are encoded by a family of related genes. To assess DILPs' physiological roles, ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0905083106

    authors： Zhang H,Liu J,Li CR,Momen B,Kohanski RA,Pick L

    更新日期：2009-11-17 00:00:00

  • Bivalent domains enforce transcriptional memory of DNA methylated genes in cancer cells.

    abstract：:Silencing of multiple cancer-related genes is associated with de novo methylation of linked CpG islands. Additionally, bivalent histone modification profiles characterized by the juxtaposition of active and inactive histone marks have been observed in genes that become hypermethylated in cancer. It is unknown how thes...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0810133105

    authors： Rodriguez J,Muñoz M,Vives L,Frangou CG,Groudine M,Peinado MA

    更新日期：2008-12-16 00:00:00

  • Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion.

    abstract：:Brown-rot fungi such as Postia placenta are common inhabitants of forest ecosystems and are also largely responsible for the destructive decay of wooden structures. Rapid depolymerization of cellulose is a distinguishing feature of brown-rot, but the biochemical mechanisms and underlying genetics are poorly understood...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0809575106

    authors： Martinez D,Challacombe J,Morgenstern I,Hibbett D,Schmoll M,Kubicek CP,Ferreira P,Ruiz-Duenas FJ,Martinez AT,Kersten P,Hammel KE,Vanden Wymelenberg A,Gaskell J,Lindquist E,Sabat G,Bondurant SS,Larrondo LF,Canessa P,Vic

    更新日期：2009-02-10 00:00:00

  • Antibody recognition of a unique tumor-specific glycopeptide antigen.

    abstract：:Aberrant glycosylation and the overexpression of certain carbohydrate moieties is a consistent feature of cancers, and tumor-associated oligosaccharides are actively investigated as targets for immunotherapy. One of the most common aberrations in glycosylation patterns is the presentation of a single O-linked N-acetyl...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0915176107

    authors： Brooks CL,Schietinger A,Borisova SN,Kufer P,Okon M,Hirama T,Mackenzie CR,Wang LX,Schreiber H,Evans SV

    更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00

  • Separation of circadian- and behavior-driven metabolite rhythms in humans provides a window on peripheral oscillators and metabolism.

    abstract：:Misalignment between internal circadian rhythmicity and externally imposed behavioral schedules, such as occurs in shift workers, has been implicated in elevated risk of metabolic disorders. To determine underlying mechanisms, it is essential to assess whether and how peripheral clocks are disturbed during shift work ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1801183115

    authors： Skene DJ,Skornyakov E,Chowdhury NR,Gajula RP,Middleton B,Satterfield BC,Porter KI,Van Dongen HPA,Gaddameedhi S

    更新日期：2018-07-24 00:00:00

  • Protective effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 on experimental autoimmune diseases in mice.

    abstract：:Interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha are thought to contribute to the inflammatory response associated with autoimmune diseases. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) counteracts many effects of these cytokines and has various immunosuppressive properties. In the present study, it is shown tha...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.88.7.2918

    authors： Kuruvilla AP,Shah R,Hochwald GM,Liggitt HD,Palladino MA,Thorbecke GJ

    更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00

  • Telomere dysfunction causes alveolar stem cell failure.

    abstract：:Telomere syndromes have their most common manifestation in lung disease that is recognized as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. In both conditions, there is loss of alveolar integrity, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. We tested the capacity of alveolar epithelial and stromal cells from mice with...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.1504780112

    authors： Alder JK,Barkauskas CE,Limjunyawong N,Stanley SE,Kembou F,Tuder RM,Hogan BL,Mitzner W,Armanios M

    更新日期：2015-04-21 00:00:00

  • The mouse histone H2a gene contains a small element that facilitates cytoplasmic accumulation of intronless gene transcripts and of unspliced HIV-1-related mRNAs.

    abstract：:Histone mRNAs are naturally intronless and accumulate efficiently in the cytoplasm. To learn whether there are cis-acting sequences within histone genes that allow efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of RNAs, we made recombinant constructs in which sequences from the mouse H2a gene were cloned into a human beta-globin ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.94.19.10104

    authors： Huang Y,Carmichael GG

    更新日期：1997-09-16 00:00:00

  • In vitro analysis of DNA-protein interactions by proximity ligation.

    abstract：:Protein-binding DNA sequence elements encode a variety of regulated functions of genomes. Information about such elements is currently in a state of rapid growth, but improved methods are required to characterize the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. We have established an in vitro method for specific and ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0611229104

    authors： Gustafsdottir SM,Schlingemann J,Rada-Iglesias A,Schallmeiner E,Kamali-Moghaddam M,Wadelius C,Landegren U

    更新日期：2007-02-27 00:00:00

  • Enteroendocrine precursors differentiate independently of Wnt and form serotonin expressing adenomas in response to active beta-catenin.

    abstract：:Wnt signaling is required for the maintenance of intestinal stem cells and self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal cancers are frequently associated with mutations that activate the Wnt pathway. The role of Wnt signaling on differentiation of lineage-specific precursors in the intestine is not well chara...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0702665104

    authors： Wang Y,Giel-Moloney M,Rindi G,Leiter AB

    更新日期：2007-07-03 00:00:00

  • Aminofluorene-DNA adduct formation in Salmonella typhimurium exposed to the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.

    abstract：:The DNA adducts formed during incubation of the hepatocarcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene with Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1538 were investigated to determine if the covalently bound products were identical to those adducts found in rat liver DNA and to establish the biological significance of the ad...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.79.17.5175

    authors： Beranek DT,White GL,Heflich RH,Beland FA

    更新日期：1982-09-01 00:00:00

  • Glycine decreases desensitization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and is required for NMDA responses.

    abstract：:In Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, as in neurons, glycine greatly potentiated responses of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of excitatory amino acid receptor. Injected oocytes generated a partially desensitizing inward current in response to NMDA with 30 nM added glycine. As the added glycine concent...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.87.6.2354

    authors： Lerma J,Zukin RS,Bennett MV

    更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

  • Design of a retroviral-mediated ecdysone-inducible system and its application to the expression profiling of the PTEN tumor suppressor.

    abstract：:We have engineered the ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system for general retroviral delivery to cultured mammalian cells. We inducibly expressed PTEN in the glioblastoma cell line, U87MG, lacking this gene. Because nearly all cells are recruited on induction, we find both up- and down-regulated genes by cDNA ...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.221450598

    authors： Stolarov J,Chang K,Reiner A,Rodgers L,Hannon GJ,Wigler MH,Mittal V

    更新日期：2001-11-06 00:00:00

  • New thioredoxin targets in the unicellular photosynthetic eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

    abstract：:Proteomics were used to identify the proteins from the eukaryotic unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that can be reduced by thioredoxin. These proteins were retained specifically on a thioredoxin affinity column made of a monocysteinic thioredoxin mutant able to form mixed disulfides with its targets. Of...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0402221101

    authors： Lemaire SD,Guillon B,Le Maréchal P,Keryer E,Miginiac-Maslow M,Decottignies P

    更新日期：2004-05-11 00:00:00

  • Molecular recognition of parathyroid hormone by its G protein-coupled receptor.

    abstract：:Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is central to calcium homeostasis and bone maintenance in vertebrates, and as such it has been used for treating osteoporosis. It acts primarily by binding to its receptor, PTH1R, a member of the class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family that also includes receptors for glucagon, calci...

    journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    pub_type： 杂志文章

    doi：10.1073/pnas.0801027105

    authors： Pioszak AA,Xu HE

    更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00