Abstract:
:A central role for noradrenergic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasingly suggested by both clinical and basic neuroscience research. Here, we integrate recent findings from clinical and animal research with the earlier literature. We first review the evidence for net upregulation of the noradrenergic system and its responsivity to stress in individuals with PTSD. Next, we trace the evidence that the α1 noradrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin decreases many of the symptoms of PTSD from initial clinical observations, to case series, to randomized controlled trials. Finally, we review the basic science work that has begun to explain the mechanism for this efficacy, as well as to explore its possible limitations and areas for further advancement. We suggest a view of the noradrenergic system as a central, modifiable link in a network of interconnected stress-response systems, which also includes the amygdala and its modulation by medial prefrontal cortex. Particular attention is paid to the evidence for bidirectional signaling between noradrenaline and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in coordinating these interconnected systems. The multiple different ways in which the sensitivity and reactivity of the noradrenergic system may be altered in PTSD are highlighted, as is the evidence for possible heterogeneity in the pathophysiology of PTSD between different individuals who appear clinically similar. We conclude by noting the importance moving forward of improved measures of noradrenergic functioning in clinical populations, which will allow better recognition of clinical heterogeneity and further assessment of the functional implications of different aspects of noradrenergic dysregulation.
journal_name
Exp Neuroljournal_title
Experimental neurologyauthors
Hendrickson RC,Raskind MAdoi
10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.014subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
181-195issue
Pt Beissn
0014-4886issn
1090-2430pii
S0014-4886(16)30125-Xjournal_volume
284pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Rat axial muscle previously has not been studied histochemically. We were interested in determining the fiber composition and fiber distribution in rat lateral longissimus (LL), the large epaxial dorsiflexor muscle active during sexual posturing in the female rat and to determine if estrogen replacement in ovariectomi...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-4886(83)90229-7
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abstract::An inherited deficiency of β-galactosylceramidase (GALC) causes the lysosomal storage disease globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). The disease is characterized by the accumulation of the cytotoxic metabolite psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), causing rapid degeneration of myelinating cells. Most patients suffer from th...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
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abstract::Increased vascular permeability causing vasogenic brain edema is characteristic for many acute neurological diseases such as stroke, brain trauma, and meningitis. Src family kinases, especially c-Src, play an important role in regulating blood-brain barrier permeability in response to VEGF, but also mediate leukocyte ...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-4886(91)90092-q
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intractable pain is the single most common cause of disability, affecting more than 20% of the population world-wide. There is accordingly a global effort to decipher how changes in nociceptive processing in the peripheral and central nervous systems contribute to the onset and maintenance of chronic pain. The past se...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::The perirhinal cortex (PRh) has been suggested as a substrate for the expression of generalized clonic seizures in the late stages of kindling development (stages 4-5). Using the induction of Fos as a marker of neuronal activation, the PRh region was investigated after kindling or nonkindling electrical stimulation. N...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.008
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abstract::We have previously found that fetal cortex taken from 16- to 18-day-old donors survives grafting to the infarcted cortex 5-7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect on graft survival of varying the age of the fetal donor tissue and the time between vessel occ...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/exnr.1994.1086
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seizures were induced in immature 18-day-old rats by i.p. administration of homocysteine (11 mmol/kg) and the effects of selected antagonists of NMDA receptors [MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg), AP7 (0.33 mmol/kg), CGP 40116 (10 mg/kg)] and non-NMDA receptors [GDEE (4 mmol/kg), NBQX (two doses, 30 mg/kg each)] were studied. The eff...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
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doi:10.1006/exnr.1997.6464
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.028
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7576
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::One approach to repair of transected nerves is to attempt extrinsic guidance of axons across the gaps. We inserted the proximal and distal stumps of severed mouse sciatic nerves into opposite ends of biodegradable polyester tubes. The nerves and ensheathing tubes were examined after postoperative survival times of as ...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-4886(85)90162-1
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.019
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abstract::Excessive synchronization of neuronal activity at around 20 Hz is a common finding in the basal ganglia of patients with untreated Parkinson's disease (PD). Correlative evidence suggests, but does not prove, that this spontaneous activity may contribute to slowness of movement in this condition. Here we investigate wh...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.027
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0014-4886(90)90029-r
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.014
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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journal_title:Experimental neurology
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abstract::In the peripheral nervous system, regeneration of motor and sensory axons into chronically denervated distal nerve segments is impaired compared to regeneration into acutely denervated nerves. In order to find possible causes for this phenomenon we examined the changes in the expression pattern of the glial cell-line-...
journal_title:Experimental neurology
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