Structure of the T4 baseplate and its function in triggering sheath contraction.

abstract：:Spectacular fossils from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of northeastern China have greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity and palaeobiology of dinosaurs and early birds, and contributed to our understanding of the origin of birds, of flight, and of feathers. Pennaceous (vaned) feathers and integumentary fil...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zhang F,Kearns SL,Orr PJ,Benton MJ,Zhou Z,Johnson D,Xu X,Wang X

更新日期：2010-02-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite the introduction of antiproliferative drug-eluting stents, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. In-stent restenosis and bypass graft failure are characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and concomitant myointima formation with luminal oblitera...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Deuse T,Hua X,Wang D,Maegdefessel L,Heeren J,Scheja L,Bolaños JP,Rakovic A,Spin JM,Stubbendorff M,Ikeno F,Länger F,Zeller T,Schulte-Uentrop L,Stoehr A,Itagaki R,Haddad F,Eschenhagen T,Blankenberg S,Kiefmann R,Reic

更新日期：2014-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Io leaves a magnetic footprint on Jupiter's upper atmosphere that appears as a spot of ultraviolet emission that remains fixed underneath Io as Jupiter rotates. The specific physical mechanisms responsible for generating those emissions are not well understood, but in general the spot seems to arise because of an elec...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Clarke JT,Ajello J,Ballester G,Ben Jaffel L,Connerney J,Gérard JC,Gladstone GR,Grodent D,Pryor W,Trauger J,Waite JH Jr

更新日期：2002-02-28 00:00:00

abstract：:The class II region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes a polymorphic set of cell surface glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune response. Each glycoprotein is a heterodimer composed of a alpha-chain of relative molecular mass (Mr) 34,000 (34 K) and a beta-chain of Mr = 28K. The...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Hardy DA,Bell JI,Long EO,Lindsten T,McDevitt HO

更新日期：1986-10-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The chemical induction of malignant transformation in BHK cells seems to result from a somatic mutation. Stable transformants, whose frequency is significantly increased by mutagenic carcinogens, can revert to normal and often display temperature-restricted phenotypes indicative of an altered gene product. ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bouck N,di Mayorca G

更新日期：1976-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:When a force deforms an elastic object, practical experience suggests that the resulting displacement will be in the same direction as the force. This property is known as positive stiffness. Less familiar is the concept of negative stiffness, where the deforming force and the resulting displacement are in opposite di...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Lakes RS,Lee T,Bersie A,Wang YC

更新日期：2001-03-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Chemokines are small secreted proteins that stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes and mediate inflammation. During screening of a murine choroid plexus complementary DNA library, we identified a new chemokine, designated neurotactin. Unlike other chemokines, neurotactin has a unique cysteine pattern, Cys-X...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pan Y,Lloyd C,Zhou H,Dolich S,Deeds J,Gonzalo JA,Vath J,Gosselin M,Ma J,Dussault B,Woolf E,Alperin G,Culpepper J,Gutierrez-Ramos JC,Gearing D

更新日期：1997-06-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The foundations of mammalian development lie in a cluster of embryonic epiblast stem cells. In response to extracellular matrix signalling, these cells undergo epithelialization and create an apical surface in contact with a cavity, a fundamental event for all subsequent development. Concomitantly, epiblast cells tran...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Shahbazi MN,Scialdone A,Skorupska N,Weberling A,Recher G,Zhu M,Jedrusik A,Devito LG,Noli L,Macaulay IC,Buecker C,Khalaf Y,Ilic D,Voet T,Marioni JC,Zernicka-Goetz M

更新日期：2017-12-14 00:00:00

abstract：:The identification of novel metabolites and the characterization of their biological functions are major challenges in biology. X-ray crystallography can reveal unanticipated ligands that persist through purification and crystallization. These adventitious protein-ligand complexes provide insights into new activities,...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Kim J,Xiao H,Bonanno JB,Kalyanaraman C,Brown S,Tang X,Al-Obaidi NF,Patskovsky Y,Babbitt PC,Jacobson MP,Lee YS,Almo SC

更新日期：2013-06-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Apoptosis (programmed cell death), an essential process in the development and homeostasis of metazoans, is carried out by caspases. The mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO performs a critical function in apoptosis by eliminating the inhibitory effect of IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) on caspases. Here we show t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chai J,Du C,Wu JW,Kyin S,Wang X,Shi Y

更新日期：2000-08-24 00:00:00

abstract：:During cell division, remodelling of the nuclear envelope enables chromosome segregation by the mitotic spindle1. The reformation of sealed nuclei requires ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) and LEM2, a transmembrane ESCRT adaptor2-4. Here we show how the ability of LEM2 to condense on microtu...

journal_title：Nature

authors： von Appen A,LaJoie D,Johnson IE,Trnka MJ,Pick SM,Burlingame AL,Ullman KS,Frost A

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The global mid-ocean ridge system is the most extensive magmatic system on our planet and is the site of 75 per cent of Earth's volcanism1. The vertical extent of mid-ocean-ridge magmatic systems has been considered to be restricted: even at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel mid-ocean ridge under the Arctic Ocean, where ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Bennett EN,Jenner FE,Millet MA,Cashman KV,Lissenberg CJ

更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T-cell receptor-induced apoptosis regulates immune responses and can result from interactions between Fas (Apo1/CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL). Mutations in the genes for Fas and FasL cause disorders resembling human autoimmune diseases in lpr and gld mice, respectively. However, peripheral T-cell deletion takes place in...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Zheng L,Fisher G,Miller RE,Peschon J,Lynch DH,Lenardo MJ

更新日期：1995-09-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement-mediated inflammation exacerbates the tissue injury of ischaemic necrosis in heart attacks and strokes, the most common causes of death in developed countries. Large infarct size increases immediate morbidity and mortality and, in survivors of the acute event, larger non-functional scars adversely affect lo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Pepys MB,Hirschfield GM,Tennent GA,Gallimore JR,Kahan MC,Bellotti V,Hawkins PN,Myers RM,Smith MD,Polara A,Cobb AJ,Ley SV,Aquilina JA,Robinson CV,Sharif I,Gray GA,Sabin CA,Jenvey MC,Kolstoe SE,Thompson D,Wood SP

更新日期：2006-04-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurons develop a highly polarized morphology consisting of dendrites and a long axon. Both axons and dendrites contain microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with characteristic structures. Among MAPs, MAP2 is specifically expressed in dendrites whereas MAP2C and tau are abundant in the axon. But the...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chen J,Kanai Y,Cowan NJ,Hirokawa N

更新日期：1992-12-17 00:00:00

abstract：:El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Timmermann A,An SI,Kug JS,Jin FF,Cai W,Capotondi A,Cobb KM,Lengaigne M,McPhaden MJ,Stuecker MF,Stein K,Wittenberg AT,Yun KS,Bayr T,Chen HC,Chikamoto Y,Dewitte B,Dommenget D,Grothe P,Guilyardi E,Ham YG,Hayashi M

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this Letter, in Fig. 3c and f the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli networks were subject to both weight loss and node deletion, a combination of two types of perturbation, as opposed to weight loss only (as the labelling incorrectly indicated). The collapse in Fig. 3h was also obtained from this combin...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Gao J,Barzel B,Barabási AL

更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Resistance to infection and clearance of cell debris in mammals depend on the activation of the complement system, which is an important component of innate and adaptive immunity. Central to the complement system is the activated form of C3, called C3b, which attaches covalently to target surfaces to amplify complemen...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Janssen BJ,Christodoulidou A,McCarthy A,Lambris JD,Gros P

更新日期：2006-11-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies of galaxy surveys in the context of the cold dark matter paradigm have shown that the mass of the dark matter halo and the total stellar mass are coupled through a function that varies smoothly with mass. Their average ratio Mhalo/Mstars has a minimum of about 30 for galaxies with stellar masses near that of t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： van Dokkum P,Danieli S,Cohen Y,Merritt A,Romanowsky AJ,Abraham R,Brodie J,Conroy C,Lokhorst D,Mowla L,O'Sullivan E,Zhang J

更新日期：2018-03-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Water availability limits plant growth and production in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. However, biomes differ substantially in sensitivity of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) to between-year variation in precipitation. Average rain-use efficiency (RUE; ANPP/precipitation) also varies between biomes, supp...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Huxman TE,Smith MD,Fay PA,Knapp AK,Shaw MR,Loik ME,Smith SD,Tissue DT,Zak JC,Weltzin JF,Pockman WT,Sala OE,Haddad BM,Harte J,Koch GW,Schwinning S,Small EE,Williams DG

更新日期：2004-06-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydogenase holoenzyme of Bacillus stearothermophilus possesses precise 222 symmetry: in this respect it differs from the reported structure of the lobster muscle enzyme. Pairs of active sites are linked through a flexible polypeptide loop which probably mediates the structural changes ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Biesecker G,Harris JI,Thierry JC,Walker JE,Wonacott AJ

更新日期：1977-03-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Rivers sourced in the Himalayan mountain range carry some of the largest sediment loads on the planet, yet coarse gravel in these rivers vanishes within approximately 10-40 kilometres on entering the Ganga Plain (the part of the North Indian River Plain containing the Ganges River). Understanding the fate of gravel is...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Dingle EH,Attal M,Sinclair HD

更新日期：2017-04-26 00:00:00

abstract：:In contrast to activated CD4+ T cells, resting human CD4+ T cells circulating in blood are highly resistant to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Whether the inability of HIV to infect these resting CD4+ T cells is due to the lack of a key factor, or alternatively reflects the presence of an efficient ...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Chiu YL,Soros VB,Kreisberg JF,Stopak K,Yonemoto W,Greene WC

更新日期：2005-05-05 00:00:00

abstract：:The mouse genetic revolution has shown repeatedly that most organs have more functions than expected. This has led to the realization that, in addition to a molecular and cellular approach, there is a need for a whole-organism study of physiology. The skeleton is an example of how a whole-organism approach to physiolo...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Karsenty G,Ferron M

更新日期：2012-01-18 00:00:00

abstract：:When a person walks through a rigid environment while holding eyes and head fixed, the pattern of retinal motion flows radially away from a point, the focus of expansion (Fig. 1a). Under such conditions of translation, heading corresponds to the focus of expansion and people identify it readily. But when making an eye...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Royden CS,Banks MS,Crowell JA

更新日期：1992-12-10 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of ions on the light-sensitive current of retinal rods was studied by sucking the inner segment into a tightly fitting capillary with the outer segment projecting into a flowing solution. This new method showed that the light-sensitive pathway, in which Na+ is the normal carrier of current, has an ionic sel...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yau KW,McNaughton PA,Hodgkin AL

更新日期：1981-08-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-term potentiation of chemical synapses is closely related to memory and learning. Studies of this process have concentrated on chemically mediated excitatory synapses. By contrast, activity-dependent modification of gap junctions, which also widely exist in higher structures such as hippocampus and neocortex, has...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Yang XD,Korn H,Faber DS

更新日期：1990-12-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Plants can have positive effects on each other. For example, the accumulation of nutrients, provision of shade, amelioration of disturbance, or protection from herbivores by some species can enhance the performance of neighbouring species. Thus the notion that the distributions and abundances of plant species are inde...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Callaway RM,Brooker RW,Choler P,Kikvidze Z,Lortie CJ,Michalet R,Paolini L,Pugnaire FI,Newingham B,Aschehoug ET,Armas C,Kikodze D,Cook BJ

更新日期：2002-06-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The application of a sufficiently strong magnetic field to a superconductor will, in general, destroy the superconducting state. Two mechanisms are responsible for this. The first is the Zeeman effect, which breaks apart the paired electrons if they are in a spin-singlet (but not a spin-triplet) state. The second is t...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Uji S,Shinagawa H,Terashima T,Yakabe T,Terai Y,Tokumoto M,Kobayashi A,Tanaka H,Kobayashi H

更新日期：2001-04-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Evolution of the earliest mammals shows successive episodes of diversification. Lineage-splitting in Mesozoic mammals is coupled with many independent evolutionary experiments and ecological specializations. Classic scenarios of mammalian morphological evolution tend to posit an orderly acquisition of key evolutionary...

journal_title：Nature

authors： Luo ZX

更新日期：2007-12-13 00:00:00