Abstract:
:Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the mainstays in the treatment of pediatric spasticity and dystonia. When considering initiation of BoNT treatment for spasticity, treatment goals and responses to prior conservative measures such as passive range of motion exercises, splinting, and other medication trials should be reviewed. As a general rule, children should be engaged in therapy services around the time of the injections and have a robust home program in place. When managing spasticity in children with BoNT injections, the practitioner should be well versed in functional anatomy with specialized training in injection techniques. Localization techniques in addition to anatomical landmarks are recommended for improved efficacy and include limited electromyography, electrical stimulation, and/or ultrasound guidance. A follow-up visit for the purpose of reassessment during the peak effect of the drug is advised. It is known that BoNT is effective at reducing spasticity and improving range of motion, but it remains to be determined to what degree this translates into improved function, activity, and participation.
journal_name
Semin Plast Surgjournal_title
Seminars in plastic surgeryauthors
Schwabe ALdoi
10.1055/s-0036-1571302subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-02-01 00:00:00pages
24-8issue
1eissn
1535-2188issn
1536-0067pii
01081journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Identification and treatment of vascular malformations is a challenging endeavor for physicians, especially given the great concern and anxiety created for patients and their families. The goal of this article is to provide a review of vascular malformations, organized by subtype, including capillary, venous, lymphati...
journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1376263
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many treatment techniques, including exercise, electrical stimulation, biofeedback, and neuromuscular retraining, have been described for the treatment of patients with facial paresis. The degree of nerve injury determines the recovery of the facial muscles. Patients with a Sunderland third-degree injury benefit most ...
journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1333882
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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doi:10.1055/s-2007-991187
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0029-1242183
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0038-1636510
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1564821
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715156
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0037-1604241
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715155
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1357111
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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journal_title:Seminars in plastic surgery
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