Unmasking atrial repolarization to assess alternans, spatiotemporal heterogeneity, and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation.

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:Detection of atrial repolarization waves free of far-field signal contamination by ventricular activation would allow investigation of atrial electrophysiology and factors that influence susceptibility to atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to identify means for high-resolution intracardiac recording of atrial repolarization (Ta) waves using standard clinical electrocatheters and to assess fundamental electrophysiologic properties relevant to AF risk. METHODS:In alpha-chloralose anesthetized Yorkshire pigs, we studied effects of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on PTa and QT intervals and effects of acute atrial ischemia or administration of intrapericardial acetylcholine followed by intravenous epinephrine on susceptibility to AF. RESULTS:Electrocatheters with closely spaced (1-mm) electrode pairs yielded high-resolution tracings of atrial repolarization waves. These recordings permitted detection of differential effects of right or left VNS, which shortened atrial PTa interval by 30% vs. 21% (P <.01) and lengthened QT interval by 1.5% vs. 9%, respectively (P < .05). During atrial ischemia, STa segments were elevated 3.4-fold (P < .01), and the threshold for inducing AF was reduced 3.1-fold (P = .004). Ischemia amplified atrial T-wave alternans (TWAa) and spatiotemporal heterogeneity (TWHa) by 23- and 13-fold, respectively, in inverse correlation to AF threshold (r = 0.74, P <.01; r = 0.61, P = .03). TWAa and TWHa increased by 4.5- and 2-fold shortly before autonomically triggered atrial premature beats and AF. CONCLUSION:This study used standard electrocatheters to demonstrate that TWAa and TWHa analysis provides means to assess vulnerability to AF without provocative electrical stimuli. These parameters could be evaluated in the clinical electrophysiology laboratory to determine risk for this prevalent arrhythmia and efficacy of contemporary and new agents.

journal_name

Heart Rhythm

journal_title

Heart rhythm

authors

Verrier RL,Fuller H,Justo F,Nearing BD,Rajamani S,Belardinelli L

doi

10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.019

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2016-04-01 00:00:00

pages

953-61

issue

4

eissn

1547-5271

issn

1556-3871

pii

S1547-5271(15)01426-5

journal_volume

13

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Adaptive servo-ventilation reduces atrial fibrillation burden in patients with heart failure and sleep apnea.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with heart failure and sleep apnea are at increased risk for developing arrhythmias. Whether treatment of sleep apnea reduces arrhythmias is unknown. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to determine whether adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) with optimal medical therapy (OMT) reduces atrial fibri...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.07.027

    authors: Piccini JP,Pokorney SD,Anstrom KJ,Oldenburg O,Punjabi NM,Fiuzat M,Tasissa G,Whellan DJ,Lindenfeld J,Benjafield A,Woehrle H,Blase A,O'Connor CM

    更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00

  • Outcomes of rescue cardiopulmonary support for periprocedural acute hemodynamic decompensation in patients undergoing catheter ablation of electrical storm.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:In patients with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) electrical storm (ES) undergoing catheter ablation (CA), hypotension due to refractory VT/VF, use of anesthesia, and cardiac stunning due to repeated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks might precipitate acute hemodynamic ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.09.005

    authors: Enriquez A,Liang J,Gentile J,Schaller RD,Supple GE,Frankel DS,Garcia FC,Wald J,Birati EY,Rame JE,Bermudez C,Callans DJ,Marchlinski FE,Santangeli P

    更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00

  • Mechanism for action potential alternans: the interplay between L-type calcium current and transient outward current.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The ionic mechanisms underlying action potential duration alternans are not established. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms underlying action potential alternans. METHODS:Computer simulations were performed using a model of a single ischemic myocyte. To emulate ischemia, ext...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.11.016

    authors: Hopenfeld B

    更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00

  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of genetic testing for familial long QT syndrome in symptomatic index cases.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Genetic testing for long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been available in a research setting for the past decade, and a commercial test has recently become available. However, the costs and effectiveness of genetic testing have not been estimated. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to conduct a cost-effective...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2005.08.026

    authors: Phillips KA,Ackerman MJ,Sakowski J,Berul CI

    更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00

  • Improving long QT syndrome diagnosis by a polynomial-based T-wave morphology characterization.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Diagnosing long QT syndrome (LQTS) remains challenging because of a considerable overlap in QT interval between patients with LQTS and healthy subjects. Characterizing T-wave morphology might improve LQTS diagnosis. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to improve LQTS diagnosis by combining new polynomia...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.12.020

    authors: Hermans BJM,Bennis FC,Vink AS,Koopsen T,Lyon A,Wilde AAM,Nuyens D,Robyns T,Pison L,Postema PG,Delhaas T

    更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00

  • Complex aberrant splicing in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes from a patient with long QT syndrome carrying KCNQ1-A344Aspl mutation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) is caused by mutations in KCNQ1, which encodes the α subunit of the slow delayed rectifier potassium current channel. We previously reported that a synonymous mutation, c.1032G>A, p.A344Aspl, in KCNQ1 is most commonly identified in genotyped patients with LQT1 in Japan and the ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.05.028

    authors: Wuriyanghai Y,Makiyama T,Sasaki K,Kamakura T,Yamamoto Y,Hayano M,Harita T,Nishiuchi S,Chen J,Kohjitani H,Hirose S,Yokoi F,Gao J,Chonabayashi K,Watanabe K,Ohno S,Yoshida Y,Kimura T,Horie M

    更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00

  • Preshock phase singularity and the outcome of ventricular defibrillation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Phase singularity (PS) is a topological defect that serves as a source of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Whether or not the quantity of preshock PS determines defibrillation outcome is unclear. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the number of PSs at the time of shock is an i...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.02.028

    authors: Hayashi H,Lin SF,Chen PS

    更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00

  • Catheter ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in patients with and without structural heart disease.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Catheter ablation for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (PMVT/VF) may target triggering premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Targeting ventricular scar has also been suggested, but data are limited. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to characterize the electrophysi...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.032

    authors: Nakamura T,Schaeffer B,Tanigawa S,Muthalaly RG,John RM,Michaud GF,Tedrow UB,Stevenson WG

    更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00

  • Evidence of 2 conduction exits of the moderator band: Findings from activation and pace mapping study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The moderator band (MB) is an endocavitary structure with only 2 exits to the bulk of the ventricular myocardium. Whether this may lead to specific electrophysiological characteristics remains unknown. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to investigate electrocardiographic (ECG), activation, and pace ma...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.014

    authors: Jiang CX,Long DY,Li MM,Sang CH,Tang RB,Wang W,Li SN,Guo XY,Bai R,Du X,Dong JZ,Ma CS

    更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00

  • Clinical recognition of pure premature ventricular complex-induced cardiomyopathy at presentation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can induce or worsen left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical pattern of patients having a "pure PVC-induced" cardiomyopathy at presentation. METHODS:This prospective multicenter study includ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.07.025

    authors: Penela D,Fernández-Armenta J,Aguinaga L,Tercedor L,Ordoñez A,Bisbal F,Acosta J,Rossi L,Borras R,Doltra A,Ortiz-Pérez JT,Bosch X,Perea RJ,Prat-González S,Soto-Iglesias D,Tolosana JM,Vassanelli F,Cabrera M,Linhart M,M

    更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00

  • Gap junction modifier rotigaptide decreases the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia by enhancing conduction velocity and suppressing discordant alternans during therapeutic hypothermia in isolated rabbit hearts.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) may increase the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias by decreasing ventricular conduction velocity (CV) and facilitating arrhythmogenic spatially discordant alternans (SDA). OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that rotigaptide, a gap junction enh...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.07.023

    authors: Hsieh YC,Lin JC,Hung CY,Li CH,Lin SF,Yeh HI,Huang JL,Lo CP,Haugan K,Larsen BD,Wu TJ

    更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00

  • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in lamin A/C mutation carriers with cardiac conduction disorders.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Sudden cardiac death is frequent in patients with lamin A/C gene (LMNA) mutations and may be related to ventricular arrhythmias (VA). OBJECTIVE:To evaluate a strategy of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation in LMNA mutation carriers with significant cardiac conduction disor...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.06.020

    authors: Anselme F,Moubarak G,Savouré A,Godin B,Borz B,Drouin-Garraud V,Gay A

    更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00

  • Respiratory cycle-dependent atrial tachycardia: prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics, and outcome after catheter ablation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Little is known about the tachyarrhythmias relating to respiration. Case reports presented patients with respiratory cycle-dependent atrial tachycardias (RCATs), which cyclically emerge after starting inspiration and cease during expiration. OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to elucidate the preval...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.04.031

    authors: Yamamoto T,Hayashi M,Miyauchi Y,Murata H,Horie T,Igawa O,Kato T,Mizuno K

    更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00

  • Application of noninvasive signal-averaged electrocardiogram analysis in predicting the requirement of epicardial ablation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) provides not only diagnostic information but also the prognostic implication of ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to validate the role of SAECG in identifying arrhythmogenic substrates requiring an epicard...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.11.018

    authors: Chung FP,Lin CY,Lin YJ,Chang SL,Lo LW,Hu YF,Tuan TC,Chao TF,Liao JN,Chang TY,Tan VH,Kuo L,Wu CI,Liu CM,Vicera JJB,Chen CC,Chin CG,Liu SH,Cheng WH,Chou CY,Lugtu IC,Liu CH,Chen SA

    更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00

  • Failure of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads: a matter of lead size?

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Small-diameter implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) Sprint Fidelis and Riata leads have been recalled owing to an increased risk of lead failure, thus arousing the suspicion that lead size might be a critical issue. OBJECTIVE:To compare the incidence of failure of small-diameter (≤8 F) and standard-...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.10.017

    authors: Rordorf R,Poggio L,Savastano S,Vicentini A,Petracci B,Chieffo E,Klersy C,Landolina M

    更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00

  • Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics of anteroseptal, midseptal, and posteroseptal accessory pathways.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Approximately 30% of all accessory pathways (APs) are located in the septal area, and understanding the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic of these APs is crucial for safe and effective ablation of these pathways. OBJECTIVE:In this study, the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterist...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.07.009

    authors: Haghjoo M,Kharazi A,Fazelifar AF,Alizadeh A,Emkanjoo Z,Sadr-Ameli MA

    更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00

  • Electrophysiologic substrate underlying postinfarction ventricular tachycardia: characterization and role in catheter ablation.

    abstract::The electrophysiologic substrate underlying the development of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with prior infarction has been studied in depth. An increased understanding of its composition and role in the maintenance of reentrant VT has led to the development of substrate modification approaches to ablation ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.04.023

    authors: Haqqani HM,Marchlinski FE

    更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00

  • Association between atrial fibrillation and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging brain measures: Framingham Offspring Study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:The increased risk of stroke and cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) is well documented. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the relations between AF and brain morphology. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AF and brain ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.07.004

    authors: Piers RJ,Nishtala A,Preis SR,DeCarli C,Wolf PA,Benjamin EJ,Au R

    更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00

  • Risk of atrial fibrillation as a function of the electrocardiographic PR interval: results from the Copenhagen ECG Study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Prolongation of the PR interval has been associated with an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE:To determine if there was a nonlinear relation between PR interval duration and the risk of AF. METHODS:We included 288,181 individuals, corresponding to one third of the population in...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.04.012

    authors: Nielsen JB,Pietersen A,Graff C,Lind B,Struijk JJ,Olesen MS,Haunsø S,Gerds TA,Ellinor PT,Køber L,Svendsen JH,Holst AG

    更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00

  • Initial impedance decrease as an indicator of good catheter contact: insights from radiofrequency ablation with force sensing catheters.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Good catheter-tissue contact force (CF) is critical for transmural and durable lesion formation during radiofrequency (RF) ablation but is difficult to assess in clinical practice. Tissue heating during RF application results in an impedance decrease at the catheter tip. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.10.048

    authors: Reichlin T,Knecht S,Lane C,Kühne M,Nof E,Chopra N,Tadros TM,Reddy VY,Schaer B,John RM,Osswald S,Stevenson WG,Sticherling C,Michaud GF

    更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00

  • Outcomes of patients admitted with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the United States.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Mortality caused by ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) remains a problem of epidemic proportions. Understanding current trends on admission of VA, patient characteristics, morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization could help us improve allocation of health care resources and risk prediction. OBJECTIVE:Th...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.09.007

    authors: Viles-Gonzalez JF,Arora S,Deshmukh A,Atti V,Agnihotri K,Patel N,Dave M,Anter E,Garcia F,Santangeli P,Goldberger JJ,Dukkipati S,d'Avila A,Natale A,Di Biase L

    更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00

  • Predicted longevity of contemporary cardiac implantable electronic devices: A call for industry-wide "standardized" reporting.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Battery longevity is an important factor that may influence the selection of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). However, there remains a lack of industry-wide standardized reporting of predicted CIED longevity to facilitate informed decision-making for implanting physicians and payers. OBJECTIV...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.07.029

    authors: Munawar DA,Mahajan R,Linz D,Wong GR,Khokhar KB,Thiyagarajah A,Kadhim K,Emami M,Mishima R,Elliott AD,Middeldorp ME,Roberts-Thompson KC,Young GD,Sanders P,Lau DH

    更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00

  • Epicardial organization of human ventricular fibrillation.

    abstract:OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that on the epicardium of the in vivo human heart, ventricular fibrillation (VF) consists of chaotic small wavefronts that constantly change paths. BACKGROUND:Despite the significance of VF to cardiovascular mortality, little is known about the wavefront...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.01.007

    authors: Nanthakumar K,Walcott GP,Melnick S,Rogers JM,Kay MW,Smith WM,Ideker RE,Holman W

    更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00

  • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy and risk of congestive heart failure or death in MADIT II patients with atrial fibrillation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Data regarding the effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in AF patients are limited. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ICD therapy in patients with AF en...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.02.012

    authors: Zareba W,Steinberg JS,McNitt S,Daubert JP,Piotrowicz K,Moss AJ,MADIT II Investigators.

    更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00

  • Atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation ablation - sequential or combined? A cost-benefit and risk analysis of primary prevention pulmonary vein ablation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent studies have tested the hypothesis that preventive pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) at time of atrial flutter ablation in patients who have not had atrial fibrillation (AF) will reduce future incidence of AF. OBJECTIVE:To model relative procedural costs, risks, and benefits of sequential versus combine...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.02.018

    authors: Gula LJ,Skanes AC,Klein GJ,Jenkyn KB,Redfearn DP,Manlucu J,Roberts JD,Yee R,Tang AS,Leong-Sit P

    更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00

  • Fractionation of electrograms is caused by colocalized conduction block and connexin disorganization in the absence of fibrosis as AF becomes persistent in the goat model.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Electrogram fractionation and atrial fibrosis are both thought to be pathophysiological hallmarks of evolving persistence of atrial fibrillation (AF), but recent studies in humans have shown that they do not colocalize. The interrelationship and relative roles of fractionation and fibrotic change in AF persi...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.10.027

    authors: Kirubakaran S,Chowdhury RA,Hall MC,Patel PM,Garratt CJ,Peters NS

    更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00

  • Of founder populations, long QT syndrome, and destiny.

    abstract::Founder populations, characterized by a single ancestor affected by long QT syndrome (LQTS) and by a large number of individuals and families who all are related to the ancestor and thereby carry the same disease-causing mutation, represent the ideal human model for studying the role of "modifier genes" in LQTS. This ...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.08.036

    authors: Brink PA,Schwartz PJ

    更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00

  • The positive frequency-dependent electrophysiological effects of the IKur inhibitor XEN-D0103 are desirable for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Selective inhibitors of Kv1.5 channels are being developed for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the highly selective Kv1.5 inhibitor XEN-D0103 on human atrial action potentials (APs) at high excitation rates and to assess safet...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.10.003

    authors: Ford J,Milnes J,El Haou S,Wettwer E,Loose S,Matschke K,Tyl B,Round P,Ravens U

    更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00

  • Fluctuations in premature ventricular contraction burden can affect medical assessment and management.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can cause disabling symptoms and decrease left ventricular ejection fraction. PVC burden, typically quantified by a 24-hour monitor, is one of the factors that determines the clinical management of PVCs. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to evaluate t...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.04.033

    authors: Mullis AH,Ayoub K,Shah J,Butt M,Suffredini J,Czarapata M,Delisle B,Ogunbayo GO,Darrat Y,Elayi CS

    更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00

  • Prolonged atrial refractoriness predicts the onset of atrial fibrillation: A 12-year follow-up study.

    abstract:BACKGROUND:Tissue refractoriness to conduction is a crucial electrophysiological factor in determining susceptibility to fibrillation. The relationship between atrial refractoriness and future onset of atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been well studied. OBJECTIVES:We investigated whether atrial effective refractory pe...

    journal_title:Heart rhythm

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.037

    authors: Lee JM,Lee H,Janardhan AH,Park J,Joung B,Pak HN,Lee MH,Kim SS,Hwang HJ

    更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00