Abstract:
:The effect of genetic mutation on phenotype is of significant interest in genetics. The type of genetic mutation that causes a single amino acid substitution (AAS) in a protein sequence is called a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP). An nsSNP could potentially affect the function of the protein, subsequently altering the carrier's phenotype. This protocol describes the use of the 'Sorting Tolerant From Intolerant' (SIFT) algorithm in predicting whether an AAS affects protein function. To assess the effect of a substitution, SIFT assumes that important positions in a protein sequence have been conserved throughout evolution and therefore substitutions at these positions may affect protein function. Thus, by using sequence homology, SIFT predicts the effects of all possible substitutions at each position in the protein sequence. The protocol typically takes 5-20 min, depending on the input. SIFT is available as an online tool (http://sift.jcvi.org).
journal_name
Nat Protocjournal_title
Nature protocolsauthors
Kumar P,Henikoff S,Ng PCdoi
10.1038/nprot.2009.86subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
1073-81issue
7eissn
1754-2189issn
1750-2799pii
nprot.2009.86journal_volume
4pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
Nature Protocols文献大全abstract::In the version of this protocol originally published, the caption for Fig. 3 was erroneously placed with Fig. 4, and that for Fig. 4 was placed with Fig. 3. This error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the paper. ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0079-5
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here, we describe a robust protocol for the reverse transfection of cells on small interfering (siRNA) arrays, which, in combination with multi-channel immunofluorescence or time-lapse microscopy, is suitable for genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens in intact human cells. The automatic production of 48 'transfe...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.483
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol describes a culture system in which inner-ear sensory tissue is produced from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells under chemically defined conditions. This model is amenable to basic and translational investigations into inner ear biology and regeneration. In this protocol, mouse ES cells are aggregated in 9...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.100
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glycocalyx comprises glycosylated proteins and lipids and fcorms the outermost layer of cells. It is involved in fundamental inter- and intracellular processes, including non-self-cell and self-cell recognition, cell signaling, cellular structure maintenance, and immune protection. Characterization of the glycocal...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41596-020-0350-4
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been identified as the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. Hence, efforts to understand hepatic fibrogenesis and to develop treatment strategies have focused on this cell type. HSC isolation, originally developed in rats, has subsequently been adapted to mice, thus allowing the s...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2015.017
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A major challenge in the analysis of gene expression microarray data is to extract meaningful biological knowledge out of the huge volume of raw data. Expander (EXPression ANalyzer and DisplayER) is an integrated software platform for the analysis of gene expression data, which is freely available for academic use. It...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.230
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venous access catheters used in clinics are prone to biofilm contamination, contributing to chronic and nosocomial infections. Although several animal models for studying device-associated biofilms were previously described, only a few detailed protocols are currently available. Here we provide a protocol using totall...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.033
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mitophagy is a cellular process that selectively removes damaged, old or dysfunctional mitochondria. Defective mitophagy is thought to contribute to normal aging and to various neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Previous methods used to detect mitophagy in vivo were cumbersome, insensitive and difficult to...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.060
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of angiogenic endothelial cells (ECs) has in recent years greatly stimulated multiple fields of vascular biology research. A number of cellular models and numerous complex developmental, manipulatory and tumor animal models have been developed to study angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. To connect the versat...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.96
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA production using in vivo transcription by Escherichia coli allows preparation of milligram quantities of RNA for biochemical, biophysical and structural investigations. We describe here a generic protocol for the overproduction and purification of recombinant RNA using liquid chromatography. The strategy utilizes ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.67
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) allows the direct analysis of ordinary objects or pre-processed samples under ambient conditions. Among other applications, DESI is used to identify and record spatial distributions of lipids and drug molecules in biological tissue sections. This technique does not require sam...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.11
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most currently available colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse models are not suitable for studying progression toward the metastatic stage. Recently, establishment of tumor organoid lines, either from murine CRC models or patients, and the possibility of engineering them with genome-editing technologies, have provided a larg...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.137
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here we present a protocol for the extraction of RNA from Dictyostelium discoideum. Dictyostelium is a social amoeba that undergoes a basic developmental program, and therefore analysis of RNA levels over a time course is a commonly used technique. This procedure is similar to other guanidine thiocyanate-based methods...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.191
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reversible thiol oxidation of cysteine residues occurs in many intracellular catalytic and signaling processes. Here we describe an optimized protocol, which can be completed in ∼5 d, to unambiguously identify specific cysteine residues that are transiently and reversibly oxidized by comparing two complex biological s...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.065
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a critical member of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by immune cells to fight infections. On the other hand, HOCl in homeostasis causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and is linked to many diseases, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. Herein,...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0041-6
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::RNA interference (RNAi) is an efficient method for silencing genes in cultured cells. Here we describe a simple RNAi approach for silencing genes in a cell type-specific and tissue-specific way in vivo. The approach, which mimics the means by which naturally occurring 'microRNA's are generated, uses a tissue-specific ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.260
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Glycoproteins are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from extracellular contact and recognition to intracellular signaling. Crystal structures of glycoproteins would yield tremendous insight into these processes. But glycoprotein structural analysis has been hindered by difficulties in expressing milligr...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.29
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) analysis is a useful method for studying protein-protein interactions. It currently involves electrophoresis and western blotting, which are not optimized for detecting weak and transient interactions. In this protocol we describe an advanced version of co-IP analysis that uses real-time,...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.116
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A big challenge in proteomics is the identification of cell-type-specific proteomes in vivo. This protocol describes how to label, purify and identify cell-type-specific proteomes in living mice. To make this possible, we created a Cre-recombinase-inducible mouse line expressing a mutant methionyl-tRNA synthetase (L27...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0106-6
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has become the preferred tool for the analysis of protein phosphorylation. To be successful at such an endeavor, there is a requirement for an efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides. This is necessary because of the substoichiometric nature of phosphorylation at a given site an...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.010
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-translational protein nitration has attracted interest owing to its involvement in cellular signaling, effects on protein function and potential as biomarker of nitroxidative stress. We describe a procedure for enriching nitropeptides for mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics that is a simple and reliable alter...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.052
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This protocol is an extension to: Nat. Protoc. 6, 870-895 (2014); doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.328; published online 02 June 2011Cycling cells duplicate their DNA content during S phase, following a defined program called replication timing (RT). Early- and late-replicating regions differ in terms of mutation rates, transcr...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.148
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ex vivo perfusion systems offer a reliable, reproducible method for studying acute physiological responses of an organ to various environmental manipulations. Unlike in vitro culture systems, the cellular organization, compartmentalization and three-dimensional structure of ex vivo-perfused organs are maintained. Thes...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.144
更新日期:2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The membrane-permeant fluorogenic biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT(2) and ReAsH-EDT(2) can be prepared in good yields by a straightforward two-step procedure from the inexpensive precursor dyes fluorescein and resorufin, respectively. Handling of toxic reagents such as arsenic trichloride is minimized so the synthesis can be ca...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.144
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During biosynthesis on the ribosome, an elongating nascent polypeptide chain can begin to fold, in a process that is central to all living systems. Detailed structural studies of co-translational protein folding are now beginning to emerge; such studies were previously limited, at least in part, by the inherently dyna...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.101
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Growing evidence indicates that RNA G-quadruplexes have important roles in various processes such as transcription, translation, regulation of telomere length, and formation of telomeric heterochromatin. Investigation of RNA G-quadruplex structures associated with biological events is therefore essential to understand...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.156
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Here, we provide comprehensive, highly efficient protocols for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of a wide range of rice genotypes. Methods that use either immature embryos (japonica and indica rice) or calli (japonica cultivars and the indica cultivar, Kasalath) as a starting material for inoculation ...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2008.46
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A mechanistic understanding of HIV-1 latency depends on a model system that recapitulates the in vivo condition of latently infected, resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Latency seems to be established after activated CD4(+) T cells, the principal targets of HIV-1 infection, become productively infected and survive long eno...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.188
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several cell death assays have been developed based on a single biochemical parameter such as caspase activation or plasma membrane permeabilization. Our fluorescent apoptosis/necrosis (FAN) assay directly measures cell death and distinguishes between caspase-dependent apoptosis and caspase-independent necrosis of cel...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.085
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systematic mapping of protein interactions by bait-prey techniques, including affinity purification-mass spectrometry or the yeast two-hybrid system, contributes a unique and relevant perspective on the comprehensive picture of cellular machines. We describe here a protocol for statistical analysis of node-and-edg...
journal_title:Nature protocols
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.26
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00