Abstract：
:Current neurobiological theory of drug use is based on the observation that all addictive drugs induce changes in activity of dopaminergic circuitry, interfering with reward processing, and thus enhancing drug seeking and consumption behaviors. Current theory of drug origins, in contrast, views almost all major drugs of abuse, including nicotine, cocaine and opiates, as plant neurotoxins that evolved to punish and deter herbivores. According to this latter view, plants should not have evolved compounds that reward or reinforce plant consumption. Mammals, in turn, should not have evolved reinforcement mechanisms easily triggered by toxic substances. Situated in an ecological context, therefore, drug reward is a paradox. In an attempt to resolve the paradox, we review the neurobiology of aversive learning and toxin avoidance and their relationships to appetitive learning. We seek to answer the question: why does aversive learning not prevent the repeated use of plant drugs? We conclude by proposing alternative models of drug seeking and use. Specifically, we suggest that humans, like other animals, might have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins.
journal_name
Neurosciencejournal_title
Neuroscienceauthors
Hagen EH,Sullivan RJ,Schmidt R,Morris G,Kempter R,Hammerstein Pdoi
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.077subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-04-21 00:00:00pages
69-84issue
1eissn
0306-4522issn
1873-7544pii
S0306-4522(09)00172-9journal_volume
160pub_type
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