Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Malaria is influenced by a web of individual and ecological factors, i.e. factors relating to people and relating to environment. For a long time analysing these factors concurrently has raised statistical problems. Multilevel modelling provides a new attractive solution, which is still uncommon in tropical medicine. METHODS:Using an actual data set of 3864 individuals from 38 villages of the Highland Madagascar, a two-level modelling process is presented. Individual malaria parasitaemia is modelled step by step according to age (individual factor), altitude, and DDT indoor house-spraying status (village factors). RESULTS:The hierarchical organization of a data set in levels, fixed and random effects, and cross-level interactions are considered. Accurate estimations of standard errors, impact of unknown or unmeasured variables quantified and accounted for through random effects, are the highlighted advantages of multilevel modelling. CONCLUSION:While not denying the importance of understanding an aetiological chain, the authors recommend an increased use of multilevel modelling, mainly to identify accurately ecological targets for public health policy.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Mauny F,Viel JF,Handschumacher P,Sellin Bdoi
10.1093/ije/dyh274keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-12-01 00:00:00pages
1337-44issue
6eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685pii
dyh274journal_volume
33pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Under-5 mortality is unacceptably high in many countries, the burden of which is mainly borne by the poor. Whereas country characteristics are known to influence under-5 mortality, it is unknown whether these have a different impact on the poor and the rich. We aimed to describe how the association between u...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi190
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reliability of casual blood pressures for reflecting blood pressure status and predicting cardiovascular sequelae of hypertension was examined in the Framingham cohort of 5209 men and women followed for 18 years. Blood pressures were more variable in persons with higher levels. After controlling for pressure level...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/5.4.327
更新日期:1976-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are certain health risks associated with recreational exposure to bacteriologically polluted water. In this study, 27% (21/77) of swimmers who took part in a snorkel swimming event, experienced gastrointestinal symptoms within 48 hours of entering the untreated water. The incidence of these symptoms was statisti...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/14.4.624
更新日期:1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Morbidity among elderly people has an important influence on their physical functioning and psychological well-being. Evaluation of the morbidity profile and its determinants, which have implications for elderly people, are not available. The objective of this study is to assess morbidity, co-morbidity, and ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg204
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydial infections and to determine sexual and demographic correlates for these sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among visitors of an STD clinic. METHODS:In 1994, a cross-sectional study was carried out among 2984 consecutive ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.6.1373
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to analyse both cross-sectional associations and how longitudinal changes in lifestyle factors from one state in 1980-1981 to another in 1988-1989 influence self-reported health status. Another aim was to estimate the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for the changes in life...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.6.1073
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A community survey was conducted in 1989 in Conakry, Guinea to determine reasons for low vaccination coverage. Some 377 children aged 12-23 months and their guardians were studied, of whom 204 (54%) had vaccination records. According to their records 19% of children were fully and correctly vaccinated. Thirty-nine inc...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/20.4.1099
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The genetic basis of several familial cancers including breast and colon cancers has been identified recently. The occurrence of multiple cancers in one individual is also suggestive of a genetic predisposition. To evaluate inherited predisposition in pancreatic cancer we compared the clinical data of pancre...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.6.999
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sexual behaviour data are crucial for understanding the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Over a period (1987-1992) in which the HIV epidemic increased public awareness of safe sexual practices, we describe predictors of condom use, changes in condom use over time, and the estimated effects of t...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/24.4.813
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Epidemiology in Latin America, as in the rest of the world, has been developed for the purpose of contributing towards understanding the causes and determinants of the phenomena of health and disease in specific contexts. However, in that continent it has specific characteristics. METHODS:The paper explores...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh113
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Spot checks are becoming a popular method to assess hygiene behaviours; however, little is known about their repeatability or predictability. We evaluated the within-household repeatability of hygiene indices created from spot checks and their ability to predict incidence of diarrhoea in young Guatemalan chi...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl165
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the influence of paternal smoking on birth defects is of great public interest, epidemiological evidence concerning this potential relationship is extremely limited. A stratified random sample of 29 hospitals in the Shanghai Municipality, China, was used to select 1012 birth defects cases and controls. Mother...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/21.2.273
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This cohort profile describes the origins, tracing, recruitment, testing and follow-up of the University of Edinburgh-based Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 (LBC1921; N = 550) and 1936 (LBC1936; N = 1091). The participants undertook a general intelligence test at age 11 years and were recruited for these cohorts at mean ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyr197
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies have shown that the serum level of sialic acid is associated positively with mortality from coronary disease and stroke. In this study its relation with carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated. METHODS:From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 323 cases with carotid intima-me...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/25.5.953
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In the absence of planned efforts to target the poor, child survival programs often favour the rich. Further evidence is needed urgently about which interventions and programme approaches are most effective in addressing inequities. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) is available and can be used to model mortality ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyq034
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Western countries mortality dropped throughout the 20th century, but over and above the long-term falling trend, the death rate has oscillated over time. It has been postulated that these short-term oscillations may be related to changes in the economy. METHODS:To ascertain if these short-term oscillatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of perinatal variables in relation to testicular cancer risk, with a specific focus upon characteristics of the son. METHODS:Literature databases Scopus, EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science were searched using highly sensitive search strategies. Of 5865 refer...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/dyq120
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many European countries have in recent decades reported growing socioeconomic differentials in mortality. While these trends have usually paralleled high unemployment and increasing income disparities, Sweden had low unemployment and narrowing income differences. This study describes trends, 1961-1990, in to...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/26.4.782
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In designing prevention strategies, it may be useful to understand how early and midlife cardiovascular disease risk factor (CVDRF) exposures affect outcomes that primarily occur in mid to late life. Few single US cohorts have followed participants from early adulthood to late life. METHODS:We pooled four p...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyy264
更新日期:2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper argues that the perspective of economics is valuable in assessing the desirability, purpose and effectiveness of public intervention to reduce occupational accidents and diseases and suggests that the concept of efficiency provides one (although not the only) important criterion by which to judge policy in ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/12.1.77
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A comparative study of the effects of combined oral contraceptives (OC) on coagulation and fibrinolytic variables using standardized laboratory technique and methodology has been performed in Dublin (Ireland), Salvador (Brazil), Santiago (Chile) and Singapore. Of 777 entrants to the study, 622 were randomly allocated ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyy226
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl079
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study was set up to determine the prevalence and incidence of visual impairment and major eye conditions in the 40-64-year-old population of Shahroud as a Middle Eastern population. The first phase of the study was conducted in 2009-10. Using random cluster sampling, 6311 Shahroud inhabitants w...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys161
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/dyv184
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether mortality from asthma in Japan has increased, and to examine the age-, sex-, and race-specific mortality rates from this disease and their secular trends in both Japan and the US, vital statistics from 1979 through 1988 were studied. Overall, rates were highest among Japanese and decreased from 19...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.1.143
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few studies have examined the independent and combined relationships of body mass index (BMI) peak and rebound with adiposity, insulin resistance and metabolic risk later in life. We used data from Project Viva, a well-characterized birth cohort from Boston with repeated measures of BMI, to help fill this ga...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Olive oil is the main source of dietary lipids in most Mediterranean countries where mortality and incidence rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) are the lowest in Europe. Although international comparisons and mechanistic reasons support the hypothesis that a high olive oil intake may prevent CHD, limited...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/intjepid/31.2.474
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two controlled, double blind field trials of a non-living promastigote vaccine against New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (NWCL) were conducted in 1981 and 1983 in Brazil. Brazilian Army conscripts were randomly assigned to the vaccine or placebo groups and tested during their training in the Amazon jungle, a high risk...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00