Abstract：
:A brain, a neural structure located in the head, differs from a ganglion by the following characteristics: (1) a brain subserves the entire body, not just restricted segments; (2) it has functionally specialized parts; (3) it is bilobar; (4) commissures and neurons form the surface with axons in the central core; (5) interneurons are more numerous than primary motor or primary sensory neurons; and (6) multisynaptic rather than monosynaptic circuits predominate. A "cephalic ganglion" does not exist in any living animal and probably never occurred even in extinct ancestral species. It also is not a developmental stage in the ontogenesis of any vertebrate. Amphioxus may represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of the vertebrate nervous system, but the anatomic relationship between the notochord and neural tube is more complex. The decussating interneuron of amphioxus, to mediate a primitive coiling reflex away from any stimulus, provides a phylogenetic explanation for the pattern of crossed long ascending and descending pathways in the subsequent evolution of the vertebrate central nervous system. The evolution of the vertebrate central nervous system may have begun with free-living flatworms (planaria) that evolved before the divergence of metazoans into invertebrate and chordate branches. The planarian is the simplest animal to develop a body plan of bilateral symmetry and axes of growth with gradients of genetic expression, enabling cephalization, dorsal and ventral surfaces, medial and lateral regions, and an aggregate of neural cells in the head that form a bilobed brain. Neurons of the planarian brain more closely resemble those of vertebrates than those of advanced invertebrates, exhibiting typical vertebrate features of multipolar shape, dendritic spines with synaptic boutons, a single axon, expression of vertebrate-like neural proteins, and relatively slow spontaneously generated electrical activity. The planarian is thus not only the first animal to possess a brain, but may be the ancestor of the vertebrate brain.
journal_name
Semin Pediatr Neuroljournal_title
Seminars in pediatric neurologyauthors
Sarnat HB,Netsky MGdoi
10.1053/spen.2002.32502keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-12-01 00:00:00pages
240-53issue
4eissn
1071-9091issn
1558-0776pii
S1071-9091(02)80011-0journal_volume
9pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Training in child neurology requires formal training in other aspects of pediatrics. This pediatrics training affords the ability to obtain a developmentally appropriate history and physical examination at all stages of childhood and adolescence and to provide anticipatory guidance to children and families of all deve...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2011.05.007
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A seven year-old male presented to his pediatrician with choreiform movements and a recent history of sore throat. He was diagnosed with Sydenham's chorea based on clinical criteria and laboratory evidence. Worsening symptoms prompted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain which demonstrated evidence of Moyam...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
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journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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abstract：:The training of the child neurologist in the fundamentals of neurology is discussed. Although the fundamentals of neurology are clearly necessary for the practice of child neurology, the breadth of the background necessary for the practice of child neurology depend on the interest, enthusiasm, and goals of the residen...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2011.05.006
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The interaction between sleep and headache or migraine is powerful and an elevated comorbidity between these 2 disorders has been reported in either adults or children. This comobidity is linked to common neurophysiological and neuroanatomical substrates that are genetically based strongly. The first reports on this r...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2015.04.005
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neonatal neurocritical care is an evolving subsubspecialty whose goal is to implement neuroprotective care strategies, continuous bedside monitoring of neurologic function, and therapies in order to reduce the risk of neurologic injury and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates who require intensive...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2019.08.010
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journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2013.01.001
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Routine serum antiepileptic (AED) drug levels and laboratory monitoring for drug toxicity have crept into clinical practice. The value of these routines is uncertain. Serum drug levels do not clearly improve seizure control, predict adverse effects, or influence compliance. Routine laboratory testing appears neither s...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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abstract：:Childhood narcolepsy is frequently under-diagnosed. Hypersomnolence may not always be accompanied by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, or hypnagogic hallucinations in the early stages. Pathophysiologic considerations revolve around an altered central nervous system catecholamine-acetylcholine balance. Both idiopathic and sy...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1071-9091(96)80027-1
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possibility of sudden unexpected death in people with epilepsy (SUDEP) is very frightening for parents of a child with epilepsy. The mechanism for SUDEP is unclear but is probably most commonly related to postictal respiratory insufficiency. Occasionally the cause is a cardiac arrhythmia induced by a seizure. Even...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2004.11.005
更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 6-year-old girl had reduced fetal movements, numerous apneic spells, muscle hypotonia, and developmental motor delay. Her muscle biopsy tissue showed variation in myofiber diameters, small minicores by electron microscopy, and near-uniformity of type I fibers. Although no mutations were detected in RYR1, SEPN1, and ...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2017.03.006
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital virus passed from mother to fetus in the United States, and the most common acquired cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroimaging in patients with symptomatic congenital CMV demonstrates abnormalities frequently, but many providers are unaware of the extent of t...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2017.03.014
更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recurrent headaches in children are most often migraines and are based in a genetic predisposition with a low headache threshold. As with any pain experience, there is a large emotional component associated with an attack of migraines that grows in amplitude as the headaches become more frequent and resistant to medic...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2010.04.002
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This report describes language development from infancy through 8 years of life for a large sample of very low birth weight (VLBW) (high medical risk, n = 94; low medical risk, n = 132) and term (n = 134) children. Children of high and low medical risk status showed lower levels and slower rates of development compare...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1053/spen.2002.35499
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Scoliosis, common in preadolescent females is a finding which warrants investigation in any other age group or if the clinical or neuroimaging features are atypical even in the preadolescent female. The cause of scoliosis are numerous but include several important conditions some of which are treatable and some of whi...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1071-9091(96)80011-8
更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracranial pressure (ICP) and skull volume are intricately related. Craniosynostosis alters skull volume, and the many forms of craniosynostosis complicate the relationship to ICP even further. Patients with single-suture synostosis are less likely to experience elevated ICP than patients in whom multiple sutures, c...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2004.11.001
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An acute flaccid paraparesis or ascending quadriparesis in an infant or child constitutes a very important pediatric neurology emergency. The Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most frequent cause. This is primarily an autoimmune, post-infectious, demyelinating, peripheral nervous system process. A small percentage ...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1053/pb.2000.6690
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neurocutaneous disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions (mainly) affecting the skin [with pigmentary/vascular abnormalities and/or cutaneous tumours] and the central and peripheral nervous system [with congenital abnormalities and/or tumours]. In a number of such disorders, the skin abnormalities can assume a...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2015.11.001
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It was not too long ago that being struck violently in the head or "getting your bell rung" was often brushed off as nothing to worry about. These days the pendulum has swung and there is growing appreciation that this mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), often called concussion, must be taken seriously and is now on t...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2019.03.008
更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Children with neurologic conditions benefit from international conventions, and national treaties, policies and regulations that safeguard their human rights. These regulations also exist to serve as guidance in the creation of comprehensive systems of care, inclusive environments, accessible societies and communities...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.007
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2013.10.003
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discovery of new cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques and principles has been explosive in recent years. A secure diagnosis based on molecular evidence has become possible for many syndromes previously only clinically defined, which has helped enormously in predicting children's developmental progress, in ...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1071-9091(98)80017-x
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The protein surplus myopathies have emerged as a newly recognized subgroup of morphologically defined myopathies within the spectrum of congenital myopathies because of the accumulation of protein aggregates, some of them mutant proteins. Currently, nosologic, including molecular criteria include desmin-related myopat...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1053/spen.2002.33799
更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous neurosurgical approaches are available for children presenting with hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) associated with severe epilepsy. A concern regarding the impairment of short-term memory after resective surgery is promoting the exploration of less invasive alternatives like radiosurgery. Gamma knife radiosurg...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2007.03.005
更新日期：2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antiseizure medications and dietary therapies have associated effects on the endocrine system. We provided an overview of the relationship between epilepsy treatment and bone health in children with epilepsy. Additionally, we discussed the effects of epilepsy treatment on other endocrine systems including thyroid func...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2017.10.005
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transition from pediatric to adult healthcare is a well-established challenge for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders like cerebral palsy. With regard to ethics, some of the key aspects to explore include the following: if and how individuals feel respected during the transition process; if and how their val...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2013.06.009
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many inherited metabolic diseases or inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) cause movement disorders in children. This review focuses on chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and parkinsonism. Broad neurometabolic categories commonly responsible for pediatric movement disorders include mitochondrial cytopathies, organic aci...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2018.02.003
更新日期：2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This neuropathologic case study illustrates the discovery of metachronous hemorrhagic infarcts insinuating round mass-like lesions by magnetic resonance imaging in the setting of childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system (cPACNS) raising diagnostic awareness of this unusual presentation in a clinical an...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2014.06.001
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The discipline of childhood movement disorders is an exciting new area of specialization within the field of pediatric neurology. Establishing a formal educational system is an ongoing challenge that should include the standardization of movement definitions, the development of a formal classification system for exist...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2011.05.003
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two consanguineous siblings presented with developmental regression and emerging spasticity. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in both showed diffuse leukoencephalopathy. Further investigation established the siblings as having complex 1 deficiency consequent to a novel homozygous mutation in NDUFV1, a nuclear-encode...
journal_title：Seminars in pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.spen.2008.10.013
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
