Abstract：
BACKGROUND:It was not until 1919 that the diuretic properties of mercury were observed in patients with syphilis; in the same year the beneficial effects of mercurial diuretics were shown in a patient with severe rheumatic heart disease and anasarca. However, mercury had been used much earlier for the treatment of dropsy without clear guidelines. In this article we describe William Stokes' insights into the treatment of heart failure, focusing on the beneficial diuretic properties of mercury. METHODS:We reviewed the chapter "Treatment of the Weak and Probably Dilated Heart in Connexion With Enlargement of the Liver and Pulmonary Disease" in William Stokes' famous treatise The Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta. CONCLUSIONS:Stokes makes several important clinical observations. First, he provides precise guidelines on when and how to use mercury in these patients. Second, he realizes the importance of mercury for the treatment of decompensated heart failure. Stokes recognizes the cyclical nature of frequent decompensation in congestive heart failure, the relationship of clinical deterioration and reduced urine output, and the importance of reestablishing urinary flow to ameliorate dyspnea. Third, he attempts to define the mechanism of action "... if any of the characteristic action of mercury can be perceived unless we include diuresis." Finally, he gives interesting guidelines on the dosage and side effects of mercury. These observations on the treatment of "congestive" heart failure are an important contribution to the understanding of heart failure pathophysiology and the design of prescription regimens for this disease.
journal_name
J Card Failjournal_title
Journal of cardiac failureauthors
Ventura HO,Mehra MR,Young JBdoi
10.1054/jcaf.2001.26564keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-09-01 00:00:00pages
277-82issue
3eissn
1071-9164issn
1532-8414pii
S1071-9164(01)28406-1journal_volume
7pub_type
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
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abstract：BACKGROUND:Peak oxygen uptake (VO2) measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials. The purposes of this study are (a) to report the outcomes of a quality assurance (QA) procedure instituted in multisite clinical trials by a CPX data core laboratory and (b)...
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to compare the effects on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance of a selective beta-antagonist (atenolol) with those of another selective beta 1-antagonist with vasodilator properties (nebivolol) in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction but no overt congestive heart f...
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pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.08.002
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.03.010
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2003.08.013
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.12.014
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.09.007
更新日期：2018-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.01.015
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Diabetes is associated with increased risk of mortality in heart failure. We examined the association of diabetes with expenditures, hospitalizations, and procedures among Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure during the last 6 months of life. METHODS AND RESULTS:In a 5% national Medicare sample, the pr...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.09.011
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.09.011
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pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2013.06.004
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1071-9164(97)90025-7
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The gene for cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) is 1 of 7 autosomal disease genes implicated in familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDC). Identical deletions in exon 13 of TNNT2 have been reported in 2 families with FDC, but little is known about the frequency of this deletion among patients with FDC and idiopathic dil...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/jcaf.2002.31157
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Evidence regarding the association of anger proneness with incidence of heart failure is lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS:Anger proneness was ascertained among 13,171 black and white participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort with the use of the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. In...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.09.010
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Reduced left ventricular systolic function predicts worse outcomes. However, the optimal threshold for "normal" left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is uncertain. In general, LVEF ≥ 55% is considered to be "normal" by guidelines, with a low normal designation for LVEF being 50%-55%. We assessed the prog...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.03.013
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although there have been many studies on the effects of atrial fibrillation (AF) on cardiac function, few studies have been done on its effects on endothelial function. The present study was designed to examine the effects of AF on endothelial function in human subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS:Changes in forea...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1054/jcaf.2001.22107
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to improve heart failure (HF) symptoms and survival. We hypothesized that a greater improvement in left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after CRT is associated with greater survival benefit. METHODS AND RESULTS:In 693 patients across 2 internationa...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.03.001
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:There are little data on the optimization of high-intensity aerobic interval exercise (HIIE) protocols in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Therefore, we compared acute cardiopulmonary responses to 4 different HIIE protocols to identify the optimal one. METHODS AND RESULTS:Twenty men with stable sy...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.10.010
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total bilirubin (T-Bil) are elevated and of prognostic significance in chronic heart failure (CHF). This study sought to compare these novel cardiovascular risk markers in CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS:We evaluated 1,087 ambulatory patients from our heart failure program. Long...
journal_title：Journal of cardiac failure
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.02.012
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
