Abstract:
:The deregulatory nature of trade rules frequently brings them into conflict with the precautionary principle. These rules dominate debate over the content and legal status of the precautionary principle at the international level. The World Trade Organization (WTO), because of its power in settling disputes, is a key player. Many States are concerned to define the precautionary principle consistent with WTO rules, which generally means defining it as simply a component of risk analysis. At the same time, many States, especially environmental and public health policymakers, see the principle as the legal basis for preserving domestic and public health measures in the face of deregulatory pressures from the WTO. The precautionary principle has begun to acquire greater content and to move into the operative articles of legally binding international agreements. It is important to continue this trend.
journal_name
Int J Occup Environ Healthauthors
Saladin Cdoi
10.1179/oeh.2000.6.4.270keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-10-01 00:00:00pages
270-80issue
4eissn
1077-3525issn
2049-3967journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Factors that influence exposure to silver particles from the use of textiles are not well understood. OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of product treatment and physiological factors on silver release from two textiles. METHODS:Atomic and absorbance spectroscopy, electron micro...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000070
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The toxic anti-thyroidic chemical perchlorate, used in rocket fuel, has leached from military dumpsites into public drinking water sources, contaminating the water at dangerous levels in many states. The Department of Defense and its contractors such as Lockheed Martin are using obfuscation to wage a campaign to slow ...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2004.10.3.330
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several studies were designed and conducted to evaluate amphibole asbestos exposures in homes containing Zonolite (expanded vermiculite) attic insulation (ZAI). A range of tasks selected for evaluation included cleaning, working around, moving, and removal of ZAI in attics and living spaces. The fieldwork for these st...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/107735210799160219
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine the number and distribution of exposures among workers exposed to silica dust in Vietnam, a cross-sectional study was conducted of the provincial Preventive Medicine Centers (PMCs) of 61 provinces, and data were collected from medical centers (MCs) of the Ministries of Construction, Industry, and Transpor...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2003.9.2.128
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Treating physicians' and independent medical examiners' (IMEs') opinions were compared to identify differences of opinion and to develop a basis for understanding the differences. Twenty-three patients of an occupational health center (OHC) who had been examined by an IME were studied. OHC and IME opinions regarding d...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2004.10.1.1
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study, the first environmental cancer study in Azerbaijan, addressed concerns that residents of the industrial city of Sumgayit have an increased cancer burden as a consequence of intense occupational and environmental pollution from industry. Vital statistics data were used to calculate annual crude cancer incid...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2006.12.3.234
更新日期:2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the current investigation is to determine the risk factors affecting the musculoskeletal system of 100 manual working farmers of India. The information regarding prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. For evaluating the risk in op...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10773525.2018.1547507
更新日期:2018-11-19 00:00:00
abstract::To determine whether workers, describing their own work, and occupational physicians, describing typical workstations, would report the same working conditions, and whether the relationships between health status and working conditions described by these two sources would be similar. An epidemiologic survey was carrie...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.1996.2.1.10
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This population-based cross-sectional study of 3262 individuals aged 18 to 65 years from Aracaju, Brazil investigates the effects of child/adolescent labor (CAL) experience on adult height, considering gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and skin color. We hypothesized that the younger children are at their first job,...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrazine, an herbicide used on most of the US corn (maize) crop, is the subject of ongoing controversy, with increasing documentation of its potentially harmful health and environmental impacts. Supporters of atrazine often claim that it is of great value to farmers; most recently, Syngenta, the producer of atrazine, ...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000054
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To our knowledge, reproductive health effects among male leather tannery workers have not been previously investigated. Tannery work involves exposure to chromium, solvents, and other chemicals, which has been associated with adverse pregnancy and fertility outcomes in animals or humans in some studies. This study ret...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/107735210800546100
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants with the ability to cause adverse impacts on human health and the environment. This study describes the indiscriminate use of PCB-contaminated transformer oil as a coolant in informal welding shops in Kalutara, Sri Lanka. Sixty-three welder...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000012
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Musicians at all levels of performance, especially string players, are known to have a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The disorders seem to be most common in the neck, shoulders and low back. In 1988, a survey of the work-related musculoskeletal disorders of 36 music teachers was carried ou...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.1998.4.2.89
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because the risk of leukemia for workers exposed to 1 ppm of benzene for 40 years is estimated to be 70% greater than the risk for unexposed persons, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommend that the allowable ...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1179/oeh.2000.6.2.114
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Estimating the burden of occupational injury in developing countries might provide support for strengthening injury prevention during industrialization. A cross-sectional survey was administered to all households in the Xuân Tiên Commune in Vietnam to collect information on the characteristics of work and injuries in ...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/107735209799449734
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sewage operatives at five sewage treatment plants (n = 59) and controls not exposed to sewage (n = 55) were examined to determine work-related symptoms and inflammatory responses. Symptoms were elicited using a questionnaire, and spirometry was performed. Inflammatory markers were determined in blood and nasal lavage....
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2004.10.1.84
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sixty-five farmers reported on pesticide use and the signs and symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning when using two different plant protection strategies: in 2003 using chemical controls and in 2004 using an approach to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) based on an ecological analysis of the field conditions. Exposure ...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2009.15.2.143
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surveillance data show that pesticide-related illness is an important cause of acute morbidity among migrant farm workers in California. A few categories (organophosphates and carbamates, inorganic compounds, and pyrethroids) account for over half of the cases of acute illness. Skin effects dominate the illnesses, alt...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1179/107735201800339272
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to metal working fluids (MWF) is common in machining processes worldwide and may lead to diseases of the skin and the respiratory tract. OBJECTIVE:The aim of the study was to investigate exposure and diseases due to MWF in Switzerland between 2004 and 2013. METHODS:We performed descriptive statist...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10773525.2016.1200210
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Asbestos was used in spray applied textured ceilings from 1945 to at least 1980. Exposure to asbestos and the probability of developing lung disease is high in individuals who lived with these types of ceilings in their home. Asbestos exposure and frequency of disease is even higher in an apartment suffering...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/10773525.2016.1162952
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe the development and pilot testing of the St. Louis Assessment of Fall Risks, a worksite audit to assess fall prevention safety practices on residential construction sites. Surveillance data and feedback from carpenters and safety instructors regarding work tasks associated with falls from heights were used...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2008.14.4.243
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lead smelter/refinery workers in the US have had significant exposure to lead and are an important occupational group to study to understand the health effects of chronic lead exposure in adults. Recent research found evidence that studies of lead smelter/refinery workers have been conducted but not publishe...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1179/2049396715Y.0000000010
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Occupations of two geographically distinct populations of patients with upper limb pain were examined. Relative risks for being in an occupation were calculated for subjects with epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and pain syndromes in one population and nonspecific occupational overuse syndrome (OOS) in the other...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/107735201800339308
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pesticide exposures of women in developing countries are aggravated by economic policy changes associated with structural adjustment programs and globalization. Women in these countries, particularly in the agricultural sector, are increasingly exposed. Since they are concentrated in the most marginal positions in the...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1179/oeh.2002.8.1.46
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1983, in the face of mounting evidence of excess leukemia among workers at Shell Oil's Wood River (IL) and Deer Park (TX) petroleum refineries, Shell initiated the Benzene Historical Exposure Study (BHES). Shell's prior research had implicated occupational exposure to benzene as the source of the excess leukemia. T...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.222
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::To develop a worker safety training program for its public hospital system, the Costa Rican Social Security System entered into a collaborative agreement with the University of Texas School of Public Health. A national survey to assess safety in the public hospitals revealed high rates of injury and under-reporting of...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.445
更新日期:2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incident rates of mining-related accidents and injuries in developing countries exceed those of developed nations. Interventions by international organizations routinely fail to produce appreciable long-term improvement. One major reason is the inability to identify and analyze the underlying factors responsible f...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2006.12.4.329
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors visited the State of West Bengal, India, in August 1996, as consultants to the World Health Organization (WHO). The general mandate of the mission was to formulate recommendations to the Government of India regarding its efforts to assist the Government of West Bengal in remedying health problems arising f...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1179/oeh.1998.4.4.217
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a global need for trained researchers who can address the increasing burden of illness and injury and prepare future generations of researchers. Developing countries have a special need for practical, action-oriented interventions to address workplace problems, based on identification of needs and priorities,...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/oeh.2006.12.4.408
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We assessed the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in immigration employees and compared two of the screening methods. Using a cross-sectional study design, we administered questionnaires regarding demographics, work, medical history, and tuberculosis risk factors to employees at two immigration facilities. P...
journal_title:International journal of occupational and environmental health
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1179/107735211799041832
更新日期:2011-10-01 00:00:00