Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia remains one of the most common opportunistic illnesses in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. It is currently the most reported AIDS-defining infection in Portugal. The aims of this study were to analyze the features of a human immunodeficiency virus /Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia coinfected population, to compare it with the current literature, and to evaluate comparatively subpopulations of patients based on the previous knowledge of the human immunodeficiency virus infection, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnostic method and discharge results. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A retrospective, observational, non-controlled study was conducted. The 107 patients admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases at Santa Maria Hospital, in Lisbon, between the 1st of January 2002 and the 31st of December 2013, that presented the simultaneous diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia were included. We studied epidemiologic and clinical data collected from the patient files, including immunity status, human immunodeficiency virus viral load and treatment options. The variables were analyzed using the Chi-Squared and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS:Data from this population evidenced male predominance (81.3%), patient age between 20 - 39 years old in 59.2% and heterossexual human immunodeficiency virus transmission in 48.6%; 24.3% were immigrants. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was previously known in 62.6% patients, but 76.2% were not engaged in medical care. A TCD4+ cell count ≤ 200 cells/mm3, high viral load and oropharyngeal candidiasis (72%) were prevalent risk factors associated with the Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia infection; hypoxaemia (78.5%) and LDH (82.2%), which are markers of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia severity, did not translate into a worse prognosis. Pneumocystis jirovecii was only identified in 55.1% patients, pointing out the hardship involved in achieving a definite diagnosis. The inicial drug of choice was TMP-SMX (91.6%), and corticosteroid adjuvant therapy was added in 75.7%. The in-hospital mortality was 13.1%. DISCUSSION:The comparative analysis between groups of patients showed that injection drug users knew more frequently their human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity before the current hospitalization, which could be explained by the presence of specific programs aiming the early human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis in this population. However, there is lack of adhesion to the treatment and follow up consultations, putting them at a higher risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia infection and other AIDS related diseases. Besides showing the classic Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presentation, healthcare seeking was delayed, especially amongst patients with newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection. Moreover, the Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnosis was difficult to obtain, mainly because of the current limitations of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnostic techniques, the simultaneous presence of other respiratory diseases, and the need of a high degree of clinical suspicion. CONCLUSION:This population of human immunodeficiency virus and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia coinfected patients shows similarities with the data from previous studies, particularly considering Portuguese epidemiological data. The main differences found were the Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia diagnostic frequence in injection drug users, the importance of previous/recurrent episodes of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as a risk factor and the frequency of concurrent pulmonary diseases. The deceased patients showed less imagiologic features suggestive of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and advanced age was found to be an indicative of worst prognosis. :Introdução: A pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii é das doenças infecciosas oportunistas mais comuns em infectados por vírus da imunodeficiência humana, sendo, actualmente, em Portugal a infecção definidora de sida mais reportada. Os objectivos deste estudo foram, analisar as características de uma população co-infectada por vírus da imunodeficiência humana e pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii, comparando-a com as referências disponíveis, e avaliar comparativamente subpopulações de doentes, consoante o conhecimento prévio da infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana, o método de diagnóstico de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii e o resultado na alta. Material e Métodos: Realizámos um estudo restrospectivo pela análise dos registos clínicos de 107 doentes internados no Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas do Hospital de Santa Maria, entre 1 de janeiro de 2002 e 31 de dezembro de 2013, com o diagnóstico de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii e vírus da imunodeficiência humana. As características epidemiológicas e clínicas foram avaliadas, incluindo o estado imunitário, a carga vírica e a terapêutica instituída e foi realizado um estudo estatístico das variáveis.Resultados: Nesta população, os resultados demonstraram predomínio do sexo masculino (81,3%), idade entre 20 - 39 anos (59,2%), transmissão de vírus da imunodeficiência humana por via heterossexual (48,6%), e que 24,3% eram imigrantes. Apesar do conhecimento da infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana (62,6%), 76,2% destes doentes não apresentava seguimento médico sustentado. A contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ ≤ 200 células/mm3 (96,3%), carga vírica elevada e candidose orofaríngea (72%) foram os principais factores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii, e os marcadores de gravidade, como a hipoxemia (78,5%) e a elevação da LDH (82,2%) não traduziram pior prognóstico. Apenas foi possível isolar Pneumocystis jirovecii (e portanto, confirmar definitivamente o diagnóstico) em 55,1% dos doentes. A terapêutica etiotrópica mais utilizada foi o trimetoprimsulfametoxazol (91,6%), associado a corticóides (75,7%). A mortalidade foi de 13,1%. Discussão: Na análise comparativa entre grupos, constantou-se que os doentes utilizadores de drogas injectáveis conhecem com maior frequência o estado de seropositividade para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, previamente ao internamento, o que poderá ser explicado pela maior implementação de programas de proximidade e de rastreio oportunista junto das populações de utilizadores de drogas injectáveis. No entanto, o seguimento e tratamento não são mantidos devido à má adesão aos mesmos, pelo que os doentes apresentam um risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii e de outras doenças relacionadas com a sida. Apesar de a apresentação clínica da pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii, no grupo de doentes avaliado, ser coincidente com o quadro mais comum desta patologia, o recurso aos cuidados de saúde foi tardio, sobretudo nos doentes com apresentação inaugural da infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana, e o diagnóstico difícil, quer pelas características inerentes às técnicas de diagnóstico de pneumonia por Pneumocystis, à presença de infecção respiratória concomitante e ao grau de suspeição clínica. Conclusão: Neste grupo de doentes, as características estudadas são semelhantes às descritas na literatura, particularmente considerandoo padrão epidemiológico da infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana e Pneumocystis jirovecii em Portugal, sendo as principais diferenças encontradas a maior frequência de diagnóstico de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii em utilizadores de drogas injectáveis, comparativamente ao grupo de homens que têm relações sexuais com homens, a importância de episódios prévios/recorrentes de pneumonia por Pneumocystis jirovecii como factor de risco, e a frequência em que está presente patologia pulmonar concomitante. Os doentes falecidos apresentaram menos achados imagiológicos sugestivos de Pneumocystis jirovecii, e a idade avançada constituiu um factor pior prognóstico nesta população.
journal_name
Acta Med Portjournal_title
Acta medica portuguesaauthors
Grilo V,Pereira Adoi
10.20344/amp.7022subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
639-650issue
10eissn
0870-399Xissn
1646-0758journal_volume
29pub_type
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