Clinical and Radiological Characterization of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in HIV-Infected Patients: A Retrospective Analysis and Review of the Literature.

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by John Cunningham virus, mostly associated with immunodeficiency conditions, such as the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy can have multiple clinical features and usually presents a typical lesion pattern on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Its course may be rapidly progressive, although immunological responsiveness can be associated with an improved prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS:We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical and radiological data from patients admitted in our institution between January 2005 and April 2014 with the diagnosis of definitive progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (ICD10:A81.2) in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus infection. RESULTS:Twenty-one patients were included in our study, mostly men (n = 20, 95.2%). Mean age at diagnosis was 39 years. Motor deficits were the most common clinical finding. John Cunningham virus-DNA was detected in the cerebral spinal fluid in 20 patients (95.2%). Brain imaging studies most commonly disclosed bilateral supratentorial, asymmetric lesions. Four (19%) patients developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the follow-up. Therapeutic approach included initiation and continuation/optimization of antiretroviral therapy, with adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids in four patients. Seventeen (81%) patients died during the study period; median survival time following progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosis was 3 months (range 1 - 13). DISCUSSION:The results of our study are in accordance with the data previously published on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is predominantly associated with severe immunosuppression, particularly in patients who are not under anti-retroviral therapy, and usually presents with motor and cognitive symptoms and signs. A typical bilateral asymmetric pattern in conventional magnetic resonance imaging is present in the majority of the patients. There is no specific therapy for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and it is usually fatal, although outcomes can improve with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is also an important complication related with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, usually associated with anti-retroviral therapy. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome presents with different imaging characteristics from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and treatment with steroids can improve survival. CONCLUSION:The mortality rate and long-term neurological morbidity associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy are quite high. These data should increase clinician awareness to the occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy among human immunodeficiency virus patients and highlight the important role of magnetic resonance imaging, as early diagnosis may beassociated with better outcome. :Introdução: A leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva é uma patologia desmielinizante causada pelo vírus John Cunningham, geralmente associada a estados de imunodepressão, em particular a infeção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Pode apresentar múltiplas manifestações clínicas e tem habitualmente um padrão imagiológico típico. A evolução clínica é geralmente progressiva, podendo ocorrer uma melhoria do prognóstico associada à recuperação imunológica.Material e Métodos: Foi conduzida uma análise retrospetiva dos dados clínicos e imagiológicos de doentes admitidos no nosso Hospital entre janeiro de 2005 e abril de 2014 com o diagnóstico de leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (ICD10:A81.2) associado a infeção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana.Resultados: Vinte e um doentes foram incluídos, sendo 20 do sexo masculino (95,2%). A idade média na altura do diagnóstico foi 39 anos. A forma de apresentação mais frequente foi défice motor. O vírus John Cunningham foi identificado no líquido cefalorraquidiano em 20 doentes (95,2%). Nos estudos de imagem verificou-se um predomínio de lesões supratentoriais, assimétricas e bilaterais. Quatro doentes (19%) desenvolveram síndrome inflamatória de resposta imunológica. A abordagem terapêutica incluiu início ou otimização de terapêutica anti-retrovirica, associada a corticoterapia em quatro casos. Dezassete (81%) doentes morreram no período do estudo, sendo a sobrevida mediana após diagnóstico de três meses (intervalo 1 a13).Discussão: Os resultados do nosso estudo são concordantes com os dados previamente publicados relativamente à leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, evidenciando a sua associação à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, particularmente nos doentes com imunossupressão grave, o predomínio de sinais e sintomas motores e cognitivos, e a existência de um atingimento bilateral e assimétrico evidente nas sequências convencionais dos estudos de ressonância magnética. Não existe terapêutica específica e esta patologia é normalmente fatal, apesar de se verificar um aumento da sobrevida associado à terapêutica anti-retrovírica. A síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imunológica é uma complicação associada a leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, habitualmente ocorrendo após início de terapêutica anti-retrovírica, apresentando caraterísticas imagiológicas diferentes da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva. A instituição de corticoterapia pode melhorar o prognóstico dos doentes que desenvolvem síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imunológica associada a leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva.Conclusão: A mortalidade e morbilidade associadas à leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva são elevadas, com sequelas neurológicas importantes a longo-prazo. Os dados apresentados deverão alertar os clínicos para a ocorrência desta patologia nos doentes com infecção vírus da imunodeficiência humana, evidenciando o papel cada vez mais determinante da Ressonância Magnética no diagnóstico precoce da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva e consequente melhoria do prognóstico.

journal_name

Acta Med Port

journal_title

Acta medica portuguesa

authors

Augusto L,Neves N,Reis C,Abreu C,Sarmento A

doi

10.20344/amp.5950

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2015-05-01 00:00:00

pages

286-96

issue

3

eissn

0870-399X

issn

1646-0758

journal_volume

28

pub_type

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