Abstract：
:Clinical pharmacologists, neurologists, internists, and all health care givers must consider the efficacy, safety, and side effect profile of a given antiepileptic drug (AED) when determining which drug is best for a given patient. The first purpose of this paper is to address whether the "new" AEDs have advantages over the "old" drugs. The second purpose is to teach those interested in clinical pharmacology about the use of Web-based information access to answer a neurology/clinical pharmacology problem: to compare the efficacy and side effects of topiramate versus lamotrigine versus phenobarbital using odds ratios. Cost of all three AEDs was also compared. A number of new AEDs, including topiramate and lamotrigine, have been developed for chronic focal and secondarily generalized epileptic seizures. Efficacy of these drugs as anticonvulsants does not seem to be superior to that of traditional anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital. However, the advantage of the new drugs is a different spectrum of possible adverse events. Newer AEDs may or may not induce sedation and may minimize noncompliance by reducing side effects of lethargy and cognitive impairment. The difficulty in achieving therapeutic dosage because of side effects makes one consider whether these agents are "better" than the oldest and most side effect-prone AED, phenobarbital. The new AEDs have less frequent interactions, leading to improved tolerability with comedication. This exercise compares two "new" AEDs, topiramate and lamotrigine, with phenobarbital by evaluating efficacies and side effects using relative odds ratios, a method commonly used in drug development research. Development of new algorithms and/or new knowledge will bring beneficial tools to all clinical pharmacologists.
journal_name
J Clin Pharmacoljournal_title
Journal of clinical pharmacologyauthors
Lathers CM,Schraeder PL,Claycamp HGsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-05-01 00:00:00pages
491-503issue
5eissn
0091-2700issn
1552-4604journal_volume
43pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Direct comparisons of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and systemic pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of inhaled corticosteroids after single and multiple dosing in the same subjects are scarce. The objective of this study was to compare thePK/PDproperties of clinically equivalent, single, and multiple doses of dry-powder formu...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1177/00912700122012913
更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aliskiren is the first in a new class of orally active, direct renin inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension. This open-label, nonrandomized, single-center, parallel-group study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single 300-mg oral dose of aliskiren in patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic im...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0091270006294404
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twelve healthy volunteers received single oral doses of propranolol (80 mg), metoprolol (100 mg), L-bunolol (2 mg), and placebo in a four-way crossover study. Blood pressure, ventricular rate, and echocardiographically determined ejection fraction, ejection time, and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1988.tb05723.x
更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous physiologic variations, including urinary protein excretion, low serum albumin concentrations, and reductions in kidney function (clearance), exist in patients with glomerulonephritis. These factors could alter the disposition of numerous drugs. The purpose of the current article was to review the influence o...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0091270011413895
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Transporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively evaluate the ...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/jcph.740
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type 2 diabetes has now reached epidemic proportions across the world and is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. Patients with diabetes suffer from their mircovascular complications of retinopathy (blindness), nephropathy (renal failure, dialysis), and neuropathy (neropathic pain, trophic ulcers). Howeve...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1177/0091270004263045
更新日期：2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of these two studies was to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral nalmefene, a new orally effective opioid antagonist. In the first study, single ascending doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg of nalmefene HCl were administered in double-blind fashion to four groups of healthy men. There were six subje...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb02191.x
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A novel, nonscrotal, transdermal delivery system for testosterone therapy has been marketed for treatment of hypogonadal men. The usual dose of this system is two 2.5 mg/day systems applied daily. A new system has been developed that administers a dose of 5 mg/day using a single patch rather than two patches. A random...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04377.x
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bococizumab (RN316/PF-04950615), a humanized monoclonal antibody, binds to secreted proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and prevents its downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor, leading to improved clearance and reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma. A mechanis...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jcph.867
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was conducted to evaluate whether the allometric approach can be used to predict maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in humans from animal data. Twenty-five anticancer drugs were taken from the literature and used in this analysis. The results of the study indicate that MTD can be predicted with reasonable accurac...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/00912700122009791
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was designed to investigate the multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine partial agonist, varenicline, in elderly (65-85 years old) nonsmokers. Fifty male and female subjects with normal renal function for their age were randomized to receive var...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1177/0091270010370461
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Precision medicine in oncology is the result of an increasing awareness of patient-specific clinical features coupled with the development of genomic-based diagnostics and targeted therapeutics. Companion diagnostics designed for specific drug-target pairs were the first to widely utilize clinically applicable tumor b...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/jcph.765
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atrial fibrillation is very common in the United States. After a search of Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL, 4 trials evaluating inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system were identified for prevention of new-onset atrial fibrillation, facilitation of electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, and prevention of atri...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1177/0091270005283284
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ixekizumab (LY2439821), a humanized immunoglobulin G subclass 4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody that selectively binds and neutralizes interleukin (IL) 17A has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of psoriasis. A population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics model was developed using NONMEM 7.2 to describe the temporal re...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1002/jcph.312
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The decrease in renal blood flow (RBF) observed in patients with hypertension can be increased with converting enzyme inhibition (CEI). It is unknown whether the decrease in RBF observed with age can also be increased with CEI. This study compared the short- and long-term effects of captopril monotherapy in young (les...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb01888.x
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ustekinumab, a human immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1k) monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to human interleukin-12 and interleukin-23, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with psoriasis. The objective of this study was to perform exposure-response modeling to increase the understanding of reduction in di...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1177/0091270009343695
更新日期：2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study of the relationship between dose and plasma concentration of verapamil, controlled-release verapamil in doses of 120 mg, 180 mg, 360 mg, and 540 mg were examined. The 48 study subjects received verapamil daily during each of the 4 sequential 5-day dosing segments. Blood samples were collected frequently ...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04148.x
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intravenous amiodarone is an effective agent for the treatment of recurrent ventricular fibrillation and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia. PM101 Premixed Injection is a new formulation of intravenous amiodarone that uses a cyclodextrin to maintain amiodarone in the aqueous phase. Eighty-eight subjects ...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1177/0091270010395938
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patients with heart failure (HF) are at increased risk for drug-induced torsades de pointes (TdP) due to unknown mechanisms. Our objective was to determine if sensitivity to drug-induced QT interval lengthening is enhanced in patients with HF. In this multicenter, prospective study, 15 patients with atrial fibrillatio...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/0091270011416939
更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The need for clinical pharmacology in research and education, drug development, and health care delivery is well known. However, a current profile of those working in the field is not available. The ACCP authorized a survey of clinical pharmacologists to provide such a profile. Members of the ACCP or ASCPT were solici...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03404.x
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single, rising intramuscular (i.m.) doses and the single maximum tolerated dose of parecoxib sodium, a prodrug of the novel COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory analgesic drug v...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1177/00912700122012607
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Quinapril, a nonsulfhydryl ACE inhibitor, was evaluated in ten New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) II-III CHF patients to determine its effects on regional blood flow [effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), renal blood flow (RBF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), hepatic blood flow (HBF), hepatic vasc...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03791.x
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amiodarone is a unique antiarrhythmic agent originally developed as a vasodilator. Classified electrophysiologically as a Type III antiarrhythmic, it also has both nonspecific antisympathetic and direct, fast channel-membrane effects. Hemodynamic effects of orally administered amiodarone (a negative inotropic agent) a...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03673.x
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twelve patients chronically maintained on warfarin were administered 80 mg atorvastatin for 2 weeks. Mean prothrombin times decreased slightly, but only for the first few days of the two-week treatment period. Thus atorvastatin had no consistent effect on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin and adjustment in warfar...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04288.x
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apomorphine-induced vomiting is often used for preclinical efficacy testing of putative antiemetics in normal volunteers. The usual technique of individual intravenous titration for finding the threshold emitic dose of apomorphine in each subject is slow and tedious. We used a uniform dose of 0.05 mg/kg apomorphine gi...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1978.tb02427.x
更新日期：1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pharmacokinetics of butorphanol nasal spray, with and without the coadministration of metoclopramide, were studied in 24 healthy women. In this crossover study all volunteers received 3 treatments: a single, 1-mg dose of butorphanol nasal spray, a single, 10-mg oral dose of metoclopramide, and a combination of a s...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04273.x
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study is to identify gender-related differences in the types of symptoms and drugs reported to cause an adverse drug reaction. Patient data from the Sunnybrook Health Science Centre ADR Clinic for the period from April 1986 to May 1996 were reviewed. Of the 2,367 patients assessed, 74.1% were fem...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/009127009803801103
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent advances in in vitro metabolism methods have led to an improved ability to predict clinically relevant metabolic drug-drug interactions. To address the relationships of in vitro metabolism data and in vivo metabolism outcomes, the Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics in the Center for Drug Evalu...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1177/00912709922008515
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Current guidelines for hypercholesterolemia treatment emphasize lifestyle modification and lipid-modifying therapy to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. Statins are the primary class of agents used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Although statins are effective for many patients, they fail to achiev...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1002/jcph.766
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The increased availability of chemical intermediates and automated instrumentation has resulted in expanded use of stable isotopes for bioavailability and bioequivalence studies in recent years. Initially, stable isotopes were confined to the labeling of mass internal standard compounds for gas chromatography/mass spe...
journal_title：Journal of clinical pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/j.1552-4604.1986.tb03551.x
更新日期：1986-07-01 00:00:00
