Inborn errors of biliary canalicular transport systems.

abstract：:RNA folds during transcription in the cell. Compared to most in vitro studies where the focus is generally on Mg(2+)-initiated refolding of fully synthesized transcripts, cotranscriptional RNA folding studies better replicate how RNA folds in a cellular environment. Unique aspects of cotranscriptional folding include ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wong TN,Pan T

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genome integrity of living organisms is constantly threatened by endogenous cellular metabolic processes and environmental agents. To quantify these low, physiologically relevant levels of DNA damage, a single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) combined with strand-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Mondal M,Guo J

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Live cell microscopy using fluorescent proteins and small fluorescent probes is a well-established and essential tool for cell biology; however, there is a considerable need for noninvasive techniques able to study tissue and cell dynamics without the need to introduce chemical or genetically encoded probes. Coherent ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Pope I,Langbein W,Borri P,Watson P

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A neuron is able to seamlessly respond to a number of signals, in a timely and specific manner. This process, of integrating multiple inputs, relays on the orchestration of intracellular events by signaling networks. The inherent complexity of signaling networks has made computational modeling a useful approach to und...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wenderski WC,Neves SR

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In polarized epithelial cells, the tight junction has been ascribed several functions including the regulation of the paracellular permeability, an impediment to the diffusion of molecules between the apical and basolateral domains, a site of delivery of transport vesicles for basolateral proteins, and a scaffold for ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Luton F

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Precisely imaging and tracking dynamic biological processes in live cells are crucial for both fundamental research in life sciences and biomedical applications. Nonfluorescent nanoparticles are emerging as important optical probes in live-cell imaging because of their excellent photostability, large optical cross sec...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wang G,Fang N

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) ligation is common to diverse archaea and targets many cellular pathways, including those associated with sulfur mobilization, and also tags proteins as substrates for degradation by the proteasome. Here we highlight protocols to assay proteasome function and Ubl ligation in archaea. A cha...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Fu X,Adams Z,Maupin-Furlow J

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Concomitant with the rapid development in biomedical knowledge, including the methods of molecular biology and proteomics, and the manufacture of ever more precise optical instruments, powerful lasers, and sophisticated microcomputing hardware and software, laser microdissection systems have emerged which are now ente...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Willenberg HS,Walters R,Bornstein SR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Model building studies may be used to supplement structurally low resolution experimental data with detailed three-dimensional hypothetical atomic models. Because of the strong relation between structure and function in biological molecules such models may give a consistent, integral view of a wealth of experimental d...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： von Kitzing E

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T lymphocytes express on their surface a heterodimeric αβ receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes foreign antigens. Unlike antibodies, the recognition requires both an antigenic peptide epitope and a protein encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In contrast to conventional antibod...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Stone JD,Chervin AS,Aggen DH,Kranz DM

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The methods of computational chemistry and molecular modeling are becoming more and more accessible to biochemists with the advent of fast, inexpensive graphics workstations and well-tested computer programs. The state of the art in small molecules allows chemists to use these programs as "black boxes" and be confiden...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Wampler JE

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Granzyme B (GrB) is the primary molecular mediator of apoptosis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. It is a unique mammalian aspartic acid-cleaving serine protease. On T cell receptor activation, GrB is released from the CTL cytoplasmic granules by exocytosis, enters the target cells and, ...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Shi L,Yang X,Froelich CJ,Greenberg AH

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glass microfluidic devices have been fabricated to monitor the secretion of glycerol or fatty acids from cultured murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the current studies, adipocytes are perfused in a reversibly sealed cell chamber, and secreted products are analyzed by enzyme assay on either a single- or dual-chip device. Th...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Dugan CE,Kennedy RT

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Chromatin plays a vital role in regulating cellular processes that occur on the DNA. Modulation of chromatin structure is conducted through interactions with binding factors that direct critical actions such as posttranslational modifications, nucleosome remodeling, and incorporation of histone variants. Specific fact...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Winkler DD,Luger K,Hieb AR

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (sFCS) is the generic term for a group of fluorescence correlation techniques where the measurement volume is moved across the sample in a defined way. The introduction of scanning is motivated by its ability to alleviate or remove several distinct problems often encounte...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Petrásek Z,Ries J,Schwille P

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, an essential posttranslational modification catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, is required for the biological functions of proteins that control blood coagulation, vascular calcification, bone metabolism, and other important physiological processes. Concomitant with carboxylati...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Tie JK,Stafford DW

更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Integrin adhesion receptors mediate cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion and provide a continuous link for the bidirectional transmission of mechanical force and biochemical signals across the plasma membrane. Integrin-dependent cellular activities such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival rely upon t...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Lad Y,Harburger DS,Calderwood DA

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High content, phenotypic screens offer a powerful approach to systems biology at the cellular level. The approach employs cells carrying fluorescently labeled molecules or organelles in 384- or 1536-well microplates, and an automated confocal screening microscope for capturing images from each well. Although some spec...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Kepiro M,Varkuti BH,Davis RL

更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:ADP-ribosylation is a protein post-translational modification that is critically involved in a wide array of biological processes connected to cell stress responses. Enzymes known as poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the addition of the ADP-ribose units to amino acids with various side chain chemistries. In...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Li P,Zhen Y,Yu Y

更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Biominerals have complex and heterogeneous architectures, hence diffraction experiments with spatial resolutions between 500 nm and 10 μm are extremely useful to characterize them. X-ray beams in this size range are now routinely produced at many synchrotrons. This chapter provides a review of the different hard X-ray...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Tamura N,Gilbert PU

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous gaseous mediator that plays important roles in many physiological processes in microbes, plants, and animals. This chapter focuses on the important roles of hydrogen sulfide in protecting tissues against injury, promoting the repair of damage, and downregulating the inflammatory respo...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Gemici B,Wallace JL

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As new organisms are being sequenced on a daily basis, new DNA glycosylases that recognize DNA damage can be easily identified in an effort to understand both their phylogenetics and substrate specificities. As a practical matter, existing bacterial and human homologs need to be readily available as laboratory reagent...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bandaru V,Blaisdell JO,Wallace SS

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nedd8 is a ubiquitin-like molecule that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Similar to ubiquitin, Nedd8 attaches to target proteins through an enzymatic cascade composed of Nedd8-specific E1 (activating)- and E2 (conjugating)-enzymes. The E1 for Nedd8 is a heterodimer of APP-BP1 and Uba3, while the E2 is Ubc12. The mos...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Chiba T

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In structural proteomics, it is necessary to efficiently screen in a high-throughput manner for the presence of stable structures in proteins that can be subjected to subsequent structure determination by X-ray or NMR spectroscopy. Here we illustrate that the (1)H chemical distribution in a protein as detected by (1)H...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Hoffmann B,Eichmüller C,Steinhauser O,Konrat R

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Isotopic enrichment of biomacromolecules is a widely used technique that enables the investigation of the structural and dynamic properties to provide information not accessible with natural abundance isotopic composition. This study reports an approach for deuterium incorporation into bacterial cellulose. A media for...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： O'Neill H,Shah R,Evans BR,He J,Pingali SV,Chundawat SP,Jones AD,Langan P,Davison BH,Urban V

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this chapter we have discussed the methodology used to identify and characterize three intermediates in protein transport from the ER that represent stages of transport vesicle budding, targeting, and fusion. The intermediates are obtained using a variety of transport inhibitors: low-temperature incubations, additi...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Rexach MF,Schekman RW

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microfluidic devices have very broad applications in biological assays from simple chemotaxis assays to much more complicated 3D bioreactors. In this chapter, we describe the design and methods for performing chemotaxis assays using simple microfluidic chemotaxis chambers. With these devices, using real-time video mic...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Sai J,Rogers M,Hockemeyer K,Wikswo JP,Richmond A

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two lymphoid cell-specific proteins, called RAG-1 and RAG-2, initiate the process of antigen receptor gene rearrangement, termed V(D)J recombination, by assembling a protein-DNA complex with two recombination signal sequences (RSSs), each of which adjoins a different receptor gene segment, and then introducing a DNA d...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Bergeron S,Anderson DK,Swanson PC

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delivery of drugs and molecules to eukaryote animal and plant cells can be enhanced when mediated by mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) materials. This chapter describes, in detail, the synthesis of several different MSN materials used for the transport of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules, neurotra...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Fang IJ,Trewyn BG

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This chapter outlined the methods used to study intra- and extracellular modifications of apolipoproteins. These and other related studies have shown that several of the apolipoproteins undergo a series of intra- and extracellular modifications as follows: All apolipoproteins studied contain an 18-26 long signal pepti...

journal_title：Methods in enzymology

authors： Zannis VI,Karathanasis SK,Forbes GM,Breslow JL

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00