Abstract:
:Competition and facilitation are both considered major factors affecting the structure of plant assemblages, yet few studies have quantified positive, negative, and net effects simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the positive, negative, and net effects of tree saplings on the encroachment of two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora), into a coastal California grassland. The study involved three components: sampling the spatial distributions of P. menziesii and L. densiflora in the grasslands, a field experiment examining seedling survival in different grassland environments, and a greenhouse experiment examining the effects of soil moisture on early seedling performance. The field experiment was conducted over a 2-year period, using Pseudotsuga in 2002 and both species in 2003. Seedlings were separated into four treatment groups: those planted in open grassland, in shaded grassland, under artificial (plastic) conifer saplings, and under natural Pseudotsuga saplings. Air temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, incident radiation levels and fog water inputs were measured for each treatment group in 2003. In the greenhouse experiment, Pseudotsuga and Lithocarpus seedlings were grown for 13 weeks in watering treatments simulating the summer soil moisture conditions of the open grasslands and under Pseudotsuga saplings. Surveys of naturally established seedlings found that Lithocarpus occurred only under Pseudotsuga saplings, while most Pseudotsuga seedlings were located near but not directly under conspecific saplings. In the field experiment, positive effects of tree saplings were much larger than negative effects, resulting in strong net facilitation of seedling establishment. Survival for both species was always higher under the plastic and live trees than in the open or shade plots. The primary mechanism facilitating seedling survival appeared to be increased soil moisture caused by input of fog precipitation coupled with reduced microsite evaporation. The greenhouse experiment further showed that soil moisture strongly affected seedling performance, with both species having much higher photosynthetic rates in the higher moisture treatment. In the lower moisture treatment, Pseudotsuga seedlings had higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance than Lithocarpus, suggesting they may be able to better tolerate the environmental conditions found in the open grasslands. Our combined results suggest that rate and patterning of woody plant encroachment can be strongly influenced by facilitation and that fog precipitation may play a key role in plant interactions.
journal_name
Oecologiajournal_title
Oecologiaauthors
Kennedy PG,Sousa WPdoi
10.1007/s00442-006-0382-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-06-01 00:00:00pages
464-74issue
3eissn
0029-8549issn
1432-1939journal_volume
148pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
OECOLOGIA文献大全abstract::Compared to terrestrial environments, grazing intensity on belowground plant parts may be particularly strong in aquatic environments, which may have great effects on plant-community structure. We observed that the submerged macrophyte, Potamogeton pectinatus, which mainly reproduces with tubers, often grows at interm...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1010-5
更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monk parakeets have been introduced into North America within the past 15 years and are apparently becoming established in several geographical regions. Several physiological responses of monk parakeets related to climatic tolerance were examined, and it is concluded that the species is equipped physiologically to occ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00345853
更新日期:1975-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Well watered plants of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp cv. California Blackeye No. 5 had maximum photosynthetic rates of 16 μmol m-2 s-1 (at ambient CO2 concentration and environmental parameters optimal for high CO2 uptake). Leaf conductance declined with increasing water vapour concentration difference between leaf and ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00378820
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Competition for water surface prey between fish (Priapichtus annectens: Poeciliidae) and water striders (Potamobates unidentatus: Gerridae) was studied in the laboratory and in pools in a small tropical stream. Laboratory experiments showed that fish depressed activity and foraging success of water striders. Large fis...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00317841
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Severe droughts may alter the reproductive phenology of tropical tree species, but our understanding of these effects has been hampered by confounded variation in drought, light and other factors during natural drought events. We used a large-scale experimental reduction of throughfall in an eastern-central Amazon for...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0507-z
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of egg laying in great spotted cuckoo females using microsatellite typing to determine parentage of the eggs and nestlings found in host (magpie) nests. The results showed that there were no exclusive laying territories in the study area. Cases of multiparasitism could be d...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050660
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fine root extractions from soil cores of a south facing slope in the Southern Californian chaparral were used to study the dynamics of feeder root growth in a summer-dry area. The studies were concentrated on the root systems of Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos glauca, Ceanothus greggii, and Rhus ovata. The tot...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00344991
更新日期:1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adjustment of hydraulic architecture in response to environmental conditions was studied in two warm-desert sub-shrubs, Hymenoclea salsola and Ambrosia dumosa, both at the level of genetic adaptation along a climatic gradient and plastic response to immediate growth conditions. Individuals of both species originating ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/PL00008879
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Canopy structure and tree species diversity, shaped by succession, disturbance, and community composition, are linked to numerous ecosystem functions, including net primary production (NPP). Understanding of how ecosystem structural metrics are interrelated and mechanistically link to NPP, however, is incomplete. We c...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-018-4236-x
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Host plant use and availability were determined in early nymphal and adult-stage Schistocerca emarginata (=lineata) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) populations at six localities in Texas, USA. Early instar nymphal populations were feeding almost exclusively on either Ptelea trifoliata (Rutaceae) or Rubus trivialis (Rosaceae)....
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050876
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent work suggests that soil nutrient heterogeneity may modulate plant responses to drivers of global change, but interactions between N heterogeneity and changes in rainfall regime remain poorly understood. We used a model grassland system to investigate the interactive effects of N application pattern (homogeneous...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3289-3
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ungulates are important to the diet of bears because they are high in protein, and the level of dietary protein strongly influences bear size. The size a bear obtains as an adult influences important life history characteristics, such as age of reproduction and reproductive success; therefore, it is important to know ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04385-1
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Theory suggests that source-sink dynamics can allow coexistence of intraguild predators and prey, but empirical evidence for this coexistence mechanism is limited. We used capture-mark-recapture, genetic methods, and stable isotopes to test whether source-sink dynamics promote coexistence between stream fishes, the in...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1935-y
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Weight losses from sweet chestnut and beech leaves, attributable to biotic and abiotic breakdown processes, leaching and microbial decomposition have been studied using tethered leaves and litter bags. The experimental sites were two adjacent areas of deciduous woodland. In one area (the Castanea site) a mor-like mode...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00347566
更新日期:1973-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-termed fumigation of pea seedlings with SO2 caused typical alterations of the concentration of free glutamate and glutamine as well as fluctuations of the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase. Shortly after the beginning of the fumigation with low concentrations of SO2 (up to 0,3 ppm) the ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00345878
更新日期:1972-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have examined the extreme longevity displayed by trees in relation to a theory mainly developed in animals, namely, the controversial rate of living (ROL) theory of aging which proposes that longevity is negatively correlated to metabolic rate. Plant metabolism implies respiration and photosynthesis; both are susce...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1807-x
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Across latitudinal clines, the juvenile developmental rates of ectotherms often covary with the length of the growing season, due to life-history trade-offs imposed by the time-constrained environments. However, as the start of the growing season often varies substantially across years, adaptive parental effects on ju...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1007/s00442-020-04642-8
更新日期:2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural regeneration of abandoned farmland provides an important opportunity to contribute to global reforestation targets, including the Bonn Challenge. Of particular importance are the montane tropics, where a long history of farming, frequently on marginal soils, has rendered many ecosystems highly degraded and hot...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04497-8
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ninety percent of wild red grouse examined carried threadworms in their intenstinal caeca. Old birds had 30 times as many worms as young birds. Some infections were as high as 30,000 worms. The occurrence of worms in old grouse conformed to the negative binomial distribution. ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00399229
更新日期:1983-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant species composition is changing across many landscapes, but it is unclear how these changes affect habitat quality for animals. We used functional diversity and community-weighted mean (CWM) trait values for four plant traits (litter N, P, lignin and soluble phenolics) to explore how changes in plant species com...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2856-8
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interspecific hybridization is an important and common evolutionary mechanism, but field-based evaluations of changes in realized niches and zonation patterns of native and exotic hybrids relative to those of their parental plant species are rare. Would native hybrids forming hybrid zones between their parental specie...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-018-4251-y
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life history theory predicts that larger propagules should be produced when the offspring are expected to experience intense competition. This study tested whether female cowpea weevils responded to high larval or adult density by producing larger eggs. In a splitbrood design I measured the effect of density experienc...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00333313
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Invasive species-species that have successfully overcome the barriers of transport, introduction, establishment, and spread-are a risk to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Introduction effort is one of the main factors underlying invasion success, but life history traits are also important as they influence populat...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-021-04853-7
更新日期:2021-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen (N2) fixation was estimated along an aridity gradient in Namibia from the natural abundance of 15N (δ15N value) in 11 woody species of the Mimosacease which were compared with the δ15N values in 11 woody non-Mimosaceae. Averaging all species and habitats the calculated contribution of N2 fixation (N f ) to le...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00317592
更新日期:1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biodiverse environments provide a variety of resources that can be exploited by consumers. While many studies revealed a positive correlation between biodiversity and consumer biomass and richness, only few studies have investigated how resource diversity affects single consumers. To better understand whether a single...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3070-z
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To investigate the physiological, behavioral, and genetic contributions to growth rate, we studied the thermal sensitivity of growth rate in hatchlings of the iguanid lizards Sceloporus occidentalis and S. graciosus in the laboratory. We used a cycling thermal regime patterned after thermal environments found in natur...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00379118
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although host preferences in phytophagous insects may be generated by several factors, few studies have simultaneously examined several potential host choice determinants. In this study we tested the impact of the following potential host choice determinants on host preference of the semi-aquatic lepidopteran Munroess...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420100662
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:: Quantifying pathways of energy transfer between plants, pests, and beneficial insects is a necessary step toward maintaining pest stable agroecosystems in the absence of chemical subsidies. A diet switching experiment utilizing a predatory ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), evaluated the use of naturally ...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050064
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recently, community ecology has emphasized the multi-facetted aspects of biological diversity by linking species traits and the environment. Here, we explored environmental correlates of taxonomically-based and traits-based compositional distances using a comprehensive data set of diatom and macroinvertebrate communit...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04535-5
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The response of an Australian arid-zone gecko community to sulphur dioxide and salt spray from a mine and industrial site was investigated from 1992 to 1995. Geckos were abundant and fecund at control sites in chenopod shrubland and annual capture rates were strongly influenced by minimum night temperatures. Capture r...
journal_title:Oecologia
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s004420050434
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00