Abstract:
BACKGROUND:As in all fields of medicine, animal studies are widely performed in orthopaedics and have increased in number over time. However, it is not clear to what extent these studies provide a basis for future research or advancements in clinical science. Concerns about the reliability and translational ability of animal studies have been reported, and major orthopaedic journals and organizations are encouraging the reduction of unnecessary experiments on animals. QUESTION/PURPOSES: (1) What proportion of animal studies conducted for orthopaedic research in Turkey were never published? And of those that were published, how long did it take to publish? (2) What proportion of those studies were published in journals with an Impact Factor of 2 or more? (3) What proportion of those published papers were never cited or cited only once? (4) What was the contribution to science of an animal euthanized for orthopaedic research in Turkey? METHODS:We reviewed all oral and poster presentations at the Turkish National Congress of Orthopaedics and Traumatology from 2009 to 2017 (retrieved from the archives of Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica), as well as all postgraduate theses in orthopaedics from 1991 to 2017 (retrieved from the archives of the National Thesis Center of the Council of Higher Education) to identify all orthopaedic studies that involved animals. We searched the keywords "animal studies," "experimental studies," and "orthopaedics" in these archives. We defined animal research as orthopaedic studies based on animal models. From this search and using that definition, 252 studies were identified. Of those, 4% (9) were excluded as they were thesis studies with no abstract in the archives. Thus, a total of 243 animal studies performed in Turkey were included for analysis in this retrospective study. The abstracts of these studies were examined to determine the study model (such as bone fracture models, tendon healing models, cartilage models) and number of euthanized animals. Between 1991 and 2017, 9412 vertebrate animals were euthanized for these studies. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ORCID to determine whether these papers were subsequently published, in which journal, and how long after the initial presentation publication occurred. The Web of Science 2019 database was used to determine the Impact Factor of the journals, the total citation count of each study, and the mean annual citation for each study (citations per year). For purposes of this analysis, we divided journals into those with an Impact Factor of 2 or more, 4 or more, and those with an Impact Factor below 2. The mean annual citation per euthanized animal (citations per animal per year) was calculated to determine the contribution of a euthanized animal to science. RESULTS:A total of 42% (101 of 243) of the animal studies in Turkey were never published. For all published studies, the mean time to publication was 2.2 ± 2.6 years (95% CI 1.7 to 2.6). The proportion of studies published in orthopaedic journals with an Impact Factor of 2 or more was 14% (34 of 243). Among the 142 published papers, 38% (54) were either never cited or were cited only once, and the mean citations per year was 1.1 ± 1.7 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.3). The mean citations per animal/year among the 142 published studies was 0.03 ± 0.04 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.04). CONCLUSION:In the 243 theses and national congress presentations, 9412 animals were euthanized. Based on the low percentage of papers using animals that were euthanized and the very low proportion of studies published in higher-Impact Factor journals or garnering more than a single citation, in aggregate, little seems to have been gained from the loss of animal life. Future studies should try to replicate or refute our results in other countries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:Orthopaedic researchers should try to reduce their use of unnecessary animal studies, for example, by reporting on the use of the "3Rs" (replacement, reduction, and refinement) in the development of an animal study design, as well as through following universal guidelines so that a study might have a clinical impact. Researchers should not conduct an animal study until they are convinced that the expected results are quite likely to deliver substantial benefit to people or to advance science in a meaningful way; although this seems intuitive, our results suggest that this may not be taking place. Ethics committees in Turkey should consider more detailed questioning before approving animal studies. If our results are replicated elsewhere, then a broader look at how these approvals are conducted should be performed.
journal_name
Clin Orthop Relat Resjournal_title
Clinical orthopaedics and related researchauthors
Öztürk A,Ersan Ödoi
10.1097/CORR.0000000000001335subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-09-01 00:00:00pages
1965-1970issue
9eissn
0009-921Xissn
1528-1132pii
00003086-202009000-00003journal_volume
478pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The results of 65 consecutive revision total knee arthroplasties performed for mechanical failure were reviewed. Fifty-nine of the knees were followed for an average of five years (range, 2-10 years). The types of implants used included: total condylar, posterior stabilized, total condylar III, and the kinematic rotat...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonunion is a frequent complication of displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck and occurs in as many as 43% of patients. The incidence can be reduced by prompt anatomic reduction and stable fixation. The treatment of an established nonunion depends on numerous factors including the age of the patient, th...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003086-200206000-00014
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The structure of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage varies considerably with age. These changes are attributable to variations in molecular abundance and structure, and they can affect all the matrix components, but none more so than the proteoglycans. Some of these changes are attributable to variations ...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/00003086-200110001-00015
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The semimembranosus tendon was successfully used as a posterior cruciate ligament substitute in a 27-year-old man who sustained an isolated tear of the ligament. Two years after the operation, he has no feeling of instability, and has normal hamstring strength, power, and endurance as tested on the Cybex II dynamomete...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems for the design and manufacture of limb prostheses have recently become commercially available. However, rigorous evaluations of these systems have not been performed to determine whether they produce sockets that fit as well as or better than soc...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refers to techniques used to resolve conflicts without going to the courtroom. As healthcare and malpractice costs continue to rise, there is growing interest in tactics such as early apology, mediation, and arbitration in the medical arena. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES:(1) Why is...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11999-011-2206-2
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is rare in the foot; however, it developed in the subtalar joint extending around the ankle of a 24-year-old man. The diagnosis was made by a combination of clinical findings, most notably the aspiration of the synovial fluid. Magnetic resonance imaging was most useful in showin...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1994, a pro bono hand clinic was started on the Navajo Nation in northeastern Arizona. The Navajo Nation, larger than the state of West Virginia, holds the greatest concentration of Native Americans in the United States. There has been no specialty hand care on the reservation, home to a population approximately 16...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00003086-200203000-00006
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1323-7
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eighty-three total knee arthroplasties done at a single university hospital were reviewed specifically to examine the presence of lysis. Components that were radiographically loose were excluded. The incidence of lysis varied significantly with the method of component fixation. The highest incidence of lysis (30%) was...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11999-015-4254-5
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1280-1
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1987-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s11999-010-1459-5
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The initial experience with the Freeman-Swanson (ICLH) total knee arthroplasty (1971-1975) led to changes of tibial component size, alignment, instruments, and surgical technique in 1975. Certain patients in this initial series, however, have shown excellent long-term (5 1/2-9 years) results. In patients with overall ...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2002-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty-two total hip arthroplasties (THAs) were performed on 26 severely incapacitated patients with congenital dislocation of the hip. The arthroplasty technique varied with the problems encountered, but the cup was always placed in the true acetabulum. In 19 cases, femoral head autografts were transplanted. The over...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The design of the Boston thoracolumbosacral orthosis for scoliosis treatment may increase intragastric pressure, possibly causing reflux esophagitis. Early recognition and aggressive medical treatment of reflux may avoid esophagitis and the need to either abandon or modify conservative scoliosis management. ...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this series of 62 free flap transfers, 48 (80%) have been successful. There have been a significant number of vascular complications, 39% of which the majority were arterial thrombosis. Fifty per cent of those which thrombosed were salvaged on exploration and revision of the vessels. The frequency of complications ...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1978-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::To evaluate the effects of methotrexate (MTX) on the biology of a vascularized bone graft (VBG), a study of adult dogs was performed. Different protocols of treatment using MTX, with or without the administration of citrovorum rescue factor (CRF), were studied. A controlled experiment involving 18 dogs was performed t...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In different posterior-stabilized (PS) total knees, there are considerable variations in condylar surface radii and cam-post geometry. To what extent these variations affect kinematics is not known. Furthermore, there are no clearly defined ideal kinematics for a total knee. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES:The purposes ...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11999-013-3088-2
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine the vascular architecture of nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH), 38 femoral heads procured from 31 ANFH patients were studied by microangiographic and histologic methods. Microangiography showed that the head was consistently stratified into three zones: the normal vascular, the re...
journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical orthopaedics and related research
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s11999-017-5260-6
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00