Abstract:
:The venous architecture of the integument and the underlying deep tissues was studied in six total-body human fresh cadavers and a series of isolated regional studies of the limbs and torso. A radiopaque lead oxide mixture was injected, and the integument and deep tissues were dissected and radiographed. The sites of the venous perforators were plotted and traced to their underlying parent veins that accompany the source (segmental) arteries. A series of cross-sectional studies were made in one subject to illustrate the course of the perforators between the integument and the deep tissues. The veins were dissected under magnification to identify the site and orientation of the valves. Results revealed a large number of valveless (oscillating) veins within the integument and deep tissues that link adjacent valved venous territories and allow equilibration of flow and pressure throughout the tissue. Where choke arteries define the arterial territories, they are matched by boundaries of oscillating veins in the venous studies. The venous architecture is a continuous network of arcades that follow the connective-tissue framework of the body. The veins converge from mobile to fixed areas, and they "hitchhike" with nerves. The venous drainage mirrors the arterial supply in the deep tissues and in most areas of the integument in the head, neck, and torso. In the limbs, the stellate pattern of the venous perforators is modified by longitudinal channels in the subdermal network. However, when an island flap is raised, these longitudinal channels are disconnected, and once again the arterial and venous patterns match. Our venous studies add strength to the angiosome concept. Where source arteries supply a composite block of tissue, we have demonstrated radiologically and by microdissection that the branches of these arteries are accompanied by veins that drain in the opposite direction and return to the same locus. Hence each angiosome consists of matching arteriosomes and venosomes. The clinical implications of these results are discussed with particular reference to the design of flaps, the delay phenomenon, venous free flaps, the pathogenesis of flap necrosis, the "muscle pump," varicose veins, and venous ulceration.
journal_name
Plast Reconstr Surgjournal_title
Plastic and reconstructive surgeryauthors
Taylor GI,Caddy CM,Watterson PA,Crock JGdoi
10.1097/00006534-199008000-00001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-08-01 00:00:00pages
185-213issue
2eissn
0032-1052issn
1529-4242journal_volume
86pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:In 1984, Terzis introduced the "babysitter" procedure, a new concept in facial reanimation. It involves two stages, with coaptation of ipsilateral 40 percent hypoglossal to facial nerve on the affected side, performed concomitantly with cross-facial nerve grafting and secondary microcoaptations 8 to 15 month...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819ba4bb
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A graphic and written anatomic data sheet (ADS) for facial aesthetic surgery and body contour surgery is presented as a tool for: (1) analyzing surgical maneuvers and their effect on final outcome; (2) recording individual anatomic variations; (3) communicating data between office personnel and colleagues; (4) aiding ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199304000-00030
更新日期:1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although helmet therapy is widely accepted in the treatment of severe positional plagiocephaly, treatment regimens, especially regarding starting age, are controversial. This study investigated the importance of starting age to optimize the management of helmet therapy. METHODS:Sixty-two infants with severe...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31821b62d6
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap can be employed successfully in head and neck reconstruction when the size or nature of the defect precludes the use of local or regional flaps. Generous amounts of hairless skin and muscle may be transferred in one operative procedure while producing an acceptable donor defect. ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-198302000-00009
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Regenerative medicine aims to obviate the need for autologous grafting through the use of bioengineered constructs that combine stem cells, growth factors, and biocompatible vehicles. Human mesenchymal stem cells and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have both shown promise for use in this context, t...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000001199
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:When the results of breast augmentation surgery are evaluated, the respective points of view of the surgeon and the patient can differ. Because of the nature of plastic surgery, evaluation of the results puts more emphasis on the patient's satisfaction than on medical knowledge. Among the patients who are sa...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000246235.00439.3d
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors present their latest development of a strictly vertical retroauricular incision to minimize a sequela of a face lift, namely, a visible scar. The temporal preauricular vertical incision and the retroauricular vertical incision form two parallel arms of a U-shaped incision. Anteriorly, a downward rotation f...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-200206000-00058
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Elective surgical management of neonatal brachial plexus palsy is complex, variable, and often individualized. Little is known about the medical decision-making process among adolescents with neonatal brachial plexus palsy and their families when faced with making complex treatment decisions. The experiences...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31828bd52b
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Capsular contracture remains the most common complication following breast augmentation surgery, and evidence suggests that bacterial biofilm on the implant surface is responsible. The authors investigated whether the interaction of bacterial biofilm with implants independently determines progression to caps...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000020
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although reduction mammaplasty is a well-described technique for aesthetic purposes, there are few previous reports regarding its application and clinical outcome following conservative breast surgery reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the technique and its outcome fo...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000202121.84583.0d
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Free-tissue transfer in the elderly has received increasing attention in the literature. Existing reports are limited by small samples or inadequate definition of the term elderly. This study reviewed 5 years' experience with free-tissue transfer in a geriatric population (mean age 75 years, range 70 to 83 years). For...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199612000-00018
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The prognostic factors that determine outcome in patients with necrotizing fasciitis remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the variables that affect the mortality and morbidity of patients with necrotizing fasciitis and to create a simple method for estimating the probability of mort...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000259040.71478.27
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A significant body of literature supports a role for the dura mater underlying cranial sutures in the regulation of sutural fate. These studies have implicated regional differentiation of the dura mater based on association with fusing and patent rat cranial sutures. The purpose of these experiments was to isolate and...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199909040-00016
更新日期:1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Contracture of the antecubital fossa is a common occurrence following thermal burn injury to the upper extremity. Scarring of the superficial tissues can be treated with a variety of surgical methods to provide release and coverage. However, complex scarring of the elbow, which involves the deeper structures...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182450c0c
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A method is presented for the closure of a circular defect without altering its shape. It employs semicircular rotational flaps and Z-plasties. Its use in 178 patients with malignant skin neoplasms is presented. ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-198412000-00015
更新日期:1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In late presentation of brachial plexus trauma, it is unclear whether donor nerves should be devoted to nerve reconstruction or reserved for free functional muscle transfer. The authors systematically reviewed recovery of elbow flexion after nerve reconstruction versus free functional muscle transfer for lat...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004229
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cutaneous arterial circulation of the face and scalp was investigated by using multiple anatomic techniques in fresh cadaver specimens. Selective ink injections, dissection and measurement of latex-hardened perforators, and radiographic examination of transverse sections of barium-injected specimens defined 11 vas...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Virtual surgical planning and computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling are promising technologies with a growing trend in contemporary head and neck reconstruction. Segmental mandibular reconstruction with the osteoseptocutaneous fibula flap is one of the fields in which these technologies are increasingly us...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000479998.49928.71
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Not only is the long temporal vertical flap not centered on the temporosuperficial artery, but it is also countercurrent to this artery. The difficulties of its design are largely compensated for by the natural aspect of the anterior area once achieved. It must be emphasized that all techniques of transplantation can ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-198411000-00007
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Underprojection and lack of tip definition often coexist. Techniques that improve both nasal tip refinement and projection are closely interrelated, and an algorithmic approach can be developed to improve the predictability of the dynamic changes that occur. Use of nondestructive and nonpalpable techniques t...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817d5f7d
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most frequent muscle hernia of the lower extremities is the anterior tibialis muscle hernia. A number of surgical procedures are available for the treatment of symptomatic anterior tibialis muscle hernias. However, in case of a large fascial defect, their use may be unfeasible or inconvenient. Moreover, current su...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199301000-00026
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An experimental study was undertaken in pigs to clarify the pathophysiologic events occurring in a failing skin flap. It was demonstrated that skin flaps fail because of arterial insufficiency. Arteriovenous shunting is not a major cause of skin flap necrosis. ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-198312000-00003
更新日期:1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Secondary lymphedema is often observed in postmalignancy treatment of the breast and the gynecologic organs, but effective therapies have not been established in chronic cases even with advanced physiologic operations. Currently, reconstructive surgery with novel approaches has been attempted. METHODS:The h...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000003110
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis is a congenital malposition of the heart and abdominal viscera, which are externally situated, carrying an extremely poor prognosis. We report a case of a complete thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis that had undergone successful coverage over the exposed heart and abdominal contents. A few...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-199501000-00026
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Composite defects of the oral cavity are often the result of trauma or advanced-stage tumor extirpation. The resultant deformity frequently requires a three-dimensional reconstruction of bone and soft-tissue. The fibula free flap is the preferred method of reconstruction, with various modifications focused o...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000216
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cause of cleft lip remains speculative. The nature and extent of pathophysiologic changes in cleft lip muscle are controversial. This study was undertaken to better understand the developmental processes at work. There were two groups of patients. In group 1, 40 fresh tissue specimens were taken from 22 patients w...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/00006534-200109010-00002
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The transition zone between cheek superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and malar SMAS is difficult to raise because of proximity of zygomatic nerve branches. The authors attempted to clarify the three-dimensional anatomy of the retaining ligaments in relation to nerve branches in this area. METHODS:...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182789c5c
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The median facial dysplasia group of patients is a unique, distinct, definable group characterized by mid-line facial deficiencies in the presence of a unilateral or bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate and without clinically detectable anomalies of the brain. This group of patients comprised 2 percent of ...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Little is known about how performance on strength, range of motion, and dexterity measures changes as children with index finger pollicization mature. The authors reviewed performance in range of motion, strength, and dexterity over a 7-year period and report outcomes over time. METHODS:Data from children t...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004119
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This study was conducted to compare the gastrostomy rates in infants with Pierre Robin sequence treated with tongue-lip adhesion or mandibular distraction osteogenesis. METHODS:This was a retrospective study of symptomatic plastic and reconstructive surgery patients treated over an 8-year period. The primar...
journal_title:Plastic and reconstructive surgery
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000002865
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00