Abstract:
INTRODUCTION:2-Chloroacetophenone (CN), o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and oleoresin capsicum (OC) are common riot control agents. While serious systemic effects are uncommon, exposure to high concentrations may lead to severe complications and even death. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise all main aspects of the riot control agents CN, CS and OC toxicology, including mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features and management. METHODS:OVID MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched for terms associated with CN, CS and OC toxicity in humans and those describing the mechanism of action, clinical features and treatment protocols. RESULTS:CN, CS and OC are effective lacrimating agents; evidence for toxicity, as measured by the threshold for irritation, is greatest for CN, followed by CS and OC. Typically, ocular and respiratory tract irritation occurs within 20-60 s of exposure. Ocular effects involve blepharospasm, photophobia, conjunctivitis and periorbital oedema. Following inhalation, effects may include a stinging or burning sensation in the nose, tight chest, sore throat, coughing, dyspnoea and difficulty breathing. Dermal outcomes are variable, more severe for CN and include dermal irritation, bulla formation and subcutaneous oedema. Removal from the contaminated area and fresh air is a priority. There is no antidote; treatment consists of thorough decontamination and symptom-directed supportive care. Ocular exposure requires thorough eye decontamination, an eye exam and appropriate pain management. Monitoring and support of respiratory function is important in patients with significant respiratory symptoms. Standard treatment protocols may be required with patients with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Dermal exposures may require systemic steroids for patients who develop delayed contact dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS:CN, CS and OC are effective riot control agents. In the majority of exposures, significant clinical effects are not anticipated. The irritant effects can be minimised both by rapid evacuation from sites of exposure, decontamination and appropriate supportive care.
journal_name
J R Army Med Corpsjournal_title
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corpsauthors
Schep LJ,Slaughter RJ,McBride DIdoi
10.1136/jramc-2013-000165subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-06-01 00:00:00pages
94-9issue
2eissn
0035-8665issn
2052-0468pii
jramc-2013-000165journal_volume
161pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVES:Systemic arterial pressure rises on acute exposure to high altitude and changes in blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function may be important in the pathogenesis of clinical syndromes occurring at high altitude. METHODS:Arterial BP, stiffness (SI) and tone (RI) were studied over 11 days in 17 subjects (t...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-157-01-18
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Phytophotodermatitis, otherwise known as 'Strimmer's Rash' is an unusual cause of a widespread rash. We present a case of phytophotodermatitis, which was initially misdiagnosed as chickenpox; the correct diagnosis was made after further careful history taking and illustrates the importance of taking a thorough history...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-154-04-08
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Modern drug treatment, added to our previous experience of surgery and radiotherapy, is currently producing nearly 90% cure of all patients with testicular tumours. Most of the failures of treatment today occur in patients with a large mass of diseased tissue which has accumulated due to delayed diagnosis. A retrospec...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-131-03-04
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to find out the risk value of functional fitness test (FFT) results for low back pain (LBP) among fixed-wing military pilots. METHODS:A total of 104 male military pilots were recruited for this study. The study was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire and FFT. The func...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000510
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review outlines the present knowledge of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, a disease which, owing to the increase in international travel, is being seen with increasing frequency in Europe and North America. A knowledge of this disease is of particular importance to the military medical officer as in recent years...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jramc-129-03-09
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A retrospective analysis of 53 consecutive cases of orchidopexy performed at the British Military Hospital Munster between 1984 and 1988 showed that the average of referral for orchidopexy was 4 years 7 months and that the average age at surgery for mal/un-descended testes was 5 years exactly. Sixty-four percent of al...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-136-01-08
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Belize, hosting one of the British Army's overseas training areas, provides access to challenging terrain and austere environments, which allows the delivery of training to soldiers on survival and combat within the jungle environment. A 26-year-old infanteer on exercise in Belize presented with progressive bilateral ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000811
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been stated that the application of a pre-hospital tourniquet could prevent 7% of combat deaths, however their widespread use has been questioned due to the potential risk from prolonged ischaemia. We reviewed members of the UK Armed Forces who sustained severe limb-threatening injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan,...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-155-03-06
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A modified version of the J95 morbidity reporting system, called J95a, was used in the Multinational Division South West (MND SW) during Operation Resolute 2. The broad scope of the 'Other Diseases' and 'Other Injuries' event codes were reduced, with codes being added for specific areas of interest which were 'ENT Pro...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-144-01-04
更新日期:1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To explore the first period of sick leave in military patients following a traumatic battle injury, and the role of primary care. To identify if and where patients perceived difficulties. METHOD:Participants were recruited from The Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) Headley Court on their second a...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000055
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Overuse injuries of the leg are a common problem for young soldiers. This article reviews the literature concerning the prevention and treatment of exercise related leg pain in military settings and presents the latest developments in proposed mechanisms and treatments. Current practice and treatment protocols from th...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jramc-2016-000635
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::By virtue of the Battalion I serve with, I was the first Task Force Doctor on to the Falklands. On Friday the 21st May, 2 Para made an assault beach landing, thankfully unopposed, on San Carlos beach, the RAP was with them. ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-153-03s-08
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A project sponsored by HQ AMS TA and executed by an experienced TA Commanding Officer enhanced the effectiveness of Hospital Collective Training by improving the standard of selection and documentation of the input of exercise casualties, and set up the basis of a comprehensive library of casualty cards for future use...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-132-01-07
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:In the Netherlands, cutaneous leishmaniasis is most commonly seen in military personnel deployed on a mission or training abroad. The treatment of two Dutch soldiers who acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis with oral miltefosine was evaluated. Adverse effects were monitored and the improvement of skin lesions ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000530
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The injuries likely to occur during a future general war will differ in severity and number from those experienced during recent short campaigns, terrorist incidents and natural disasters. If general war should break out in Europe, casualty numbers will lean towards the First World War rather than the Second in scale....
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-136-01-04
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper measures the prevalence of psychological symptoms in two British Infantry battalions, 36 months after being involved in peace keeping operations in the former Yugoslavia during November 1992-April 1993. Those deployed had a high level of post traumatic stress disorder (16%) compared to (9%) in the control g...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-145-01-03
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND AIM:Safe clinical care within Ebola Virus Disease Treatment Units (EVDTUs) mandate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), comprising a fluid impermeable hooded suit, visor, gloves and rubber boots. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this PPE on clinical personnel's performance in ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2015-000541
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report the case of successful management of a transcranial penetrating high-energy transfer injury in a 20-year-old soldier. The bullet traversed both cerebral hemispheres and lacerated the superior sagittal sinus rendering him unconscious. We detail the care received at all stages following injury from 'Buddy Aid'...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000121
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:We evaluated the potential of Cryptosporidium spp. for intentional transmission as a terrorist tactic in asymmetric conflicts in terms of the recognised optimum conditions for biological warfare. METHODS:Published and widely accepted criteria regarding the optimum conditions for the success of biological ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000186
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:In 2015, the Australian Army commissioned a systematic review to assess the evidence on effectiveness and safety of pharmacological and biotechnological products for cognitive enhancement specifically in Army personnel. METHODS:Searches for studies examining biotechnological and pharmacological products i...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jramc-2016-000752
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Military service requires individuals who are free from ill-health and who are physically and mentally robust, and throughout history those who have become unfit for service have been discharged on medical grounds. This paper uses published historical records to examine trends in the rate of discharge for six key cond...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-146-03-10
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To outline the characteristics and outcomes of eye injuries in the Chinese People's Liberation Army. METHODS:A retrospective review of military inpatient eye injuries, in one military region, population 250,000 soldiers, between January 2006 and December 2010. RESULTS:There were 709 eye injury patients (75...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jramc-158-04-09
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the non-operative management of five patients with ballistic abdominal solid organ injuries in a role 2E medical treatment facility. The selective non-operative management of ballistic abdominal solid organ injury is an accepted management strategy in high-volume civilian trauma centres, and app...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-156-01-04
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:In order to train medical personnel properly for future international missions the Lithuanian Armed Forces decided to adopt BATLS/BARTS as a basic course for military pre-hospital trauma care. This decision was based upon the increasing Lithuanian participation in international missions as a part of multinati...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-152-04-04
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anterior sterno-clavicular dislocation, or fracture dislocation, as a result of carrying a backpack has not previously been described. We describe two cases, and reflect on the factors that may have led to the injuries, noting that the current PLCE (personal load carrying equipment) may also increase the risk of this ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-148-03-10
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A case of pentazocine induced hallucinations which responded to treatment with Naloxone is reported. ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-130-01-10
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article introduces a practical triage tool designed to assist commanders, jungle training instructors (JTIs) and medical personnel to identify Defence Personnel (DP) with suspected exertional heat illness (EHI). The challenges of managing suspected EHI in a jungle training environment and the potential advantages...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000801
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:During this conflict 34 Field Hospital, the sole Coalition field hospital located in Iraq, received and treated casualties with a wide range of injuries. Located very close to the front line during the period of combat hostilities, it was potentially going to deal with relatively fewer battle-injured extremi...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-150-03-06
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The following article provides an overview of the research psychology capabilities within MOD's Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl). An explanation is provided of the role of Dstl psychologists and the way they work to deliver impacting applied scientific research to address 'real world' defence and security ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-001045
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The management of focal radiation burns after prolonged exposure to ionising radiation remains a relatively rare but significant therapeutic challenge. This narrative aims to highlight certain aspects of management that can be overlooked and mitigation strategies in the management of these potentially fatal injuries. ...
journal_title:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000967
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00