Abstract：
PURPOSE:The effects of air pollutants have been receiving increased attention both clinically and in the media. One such pollutant is mold, fungal growth in the form of multicellular filaments known as hyphae. The growth of molds is omnipresent not only in outdoor settings but also in indoor environments containing excessive amounts of moisture. METHODS:PubMed was searched for relevant articles using terms such as mold, mycotoxins, fungi, immunity, inflammation, neurodevelopment, cognition, Alzheimer's, and autism. FINDINGS:Exposure to molds is most commonly associated with allergies and asthma. However, it is now thought to be associated with many complex health problems, since some molds, especially Trichoderma, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp, produce mycotoxins that are absorbed from the skin, airways, and intestinal lining. People exposed to molds and mycotoxins present with symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the lungs, musculoskeletal system, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems. Furthermore, evidence has recently implicated exposure to mycotoxins in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder. The effects of mycotoxins can be mediated via different pathways that include the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially from mast cells. IMPLICATIONS:The information reviewed indicates that exposure to mold and mycotoxins can affect the nervous system, directly or through immune cell activation, thus contributing to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder.
journal_name
Clin Therjournal_title
Clinical therapeuticsauthors
Ratnaseelan AM,Tsilioni I,Theoharides TCdoi
10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.05.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-06-01 00:00:00pages
903-917issue
6eissn
0149-2918issn
1879-114Xpii
S0149-2918(18)30229-7journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:The continuing increase in the rate of penicillin and cephalosporin resistance among respiratory pathogens and of cross-resistance to macrolide antibiotics has led to the recommendation that fluoroquinolone antibiotics be used to treat high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute bact...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0149-2918(00)89007-4
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:We estimated the real-world costs of bleeding-related episodes (BREs) in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). METHODS:This retrospective cohort study used the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefits databases. We identified adult patients...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.023
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability between 2 milk thistle-containing dietary supplements, Product B and IsaGenesis, in healthy volunteers. METHODS:Bioavailability between Product B, originally formulated as a powdered capsule, and IsaGenesis, reformulated as a soft gel, were compared ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.013
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The goal of this study was to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with the most severe eosinophilic asthma. METHODS:This multicenter, open-label, long-term, Phase IIIb study (COSMEX [COSMOS Extension]; 201312/NCT02135692) enrolled patients from the 52-week, open-label extension ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.007
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This analysis compared the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with RA and a prior inadequate response (IR) to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). ME...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.11.004
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens are becoming a significant problem worldwide. Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are problematic multidrug-resistant pathogens. This multicenter study in Vietnam determined the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents used to treat A baumannii and P aer...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.172
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Oral bisphosphonates are well established for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, they are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and have been associated with GI adverse events. Thus, current dosing guidelines recommend that the patient not eat or lie down for...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90005-1
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive motor neuron disease caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) and the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Currently, there is no effective treatment other than supportive care. OBJECTIVE:This article provides a general overvi...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.11.006
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:According to prescribing information for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments in the United States, infliximab should be administered at weeks 1, 2, 6, and then every 8 weeks starting at a 3-mg/kg dose, with flexible dosing up to 10 mg/kg and/or every 4 weeks based on clinical response. OBJECTIVE:This study...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.10.010
更新日期：2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Although the efficacy of canagliflozin has been well established in clinical trials, research regarding its use and impact on outcomes in clinical practice has been limited by the availability of data on observations up to and beyond 6 months after the initial use of canagliflozin. The purpose of this study was...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.009
更新日期：2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Varenicline was designed to relieve symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, including cigarette craving, and to block the reinforcing effects of continued nicotine use. The cost-effectiveness of varenicline in some countries has not been studied. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectivenes...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.07.002
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:It is unclear whether vitamin D provides any benefit against the pro-inflammatory effects of homocysteine in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS:We compared lymphocyte counts for CD3, CD19, CD4, and CD8 subsets between elderly (age ≥65 years) T2DM patients (n = 5098) and nondiabetes ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.08.009
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Patients with mild intermittent or mild persistent asthma represent 70% of asthma sufferers. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are the mainstay of treatment for persistent asthma, although many of the early clinical studies of these drugs included only patients with moderate to severe asthma. OBJECTIVE:This ar...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(02)80017-0
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Migraine is a common, chronic, often disabling neurologic condition that is underdiagnosed and undertreated. OBJECTIVE:We undertook this questionnaire-based study as a substudy of a multicenter trial of rizatriptan effectiveness. Our goal was to assess the history of acute migraine medication use and the re...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80204-7
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:To date, few postmarketing studies have addressed whether long-term prophylactic treatment with second-generation antidepressants (ADs) delays depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to compare the risk of depressive relapse between patients with bipolar di...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.06.011
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Flumazenil is a new drug indicated for the reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines mediated at the benzodiazepine-receptor site. Worldwide sources to date have disclosed 43 cases of seizures related, at least temporally, to the intravenous administration of flumazenil. There was no apparent relationship be...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure of the eye to airborne particles in patients predisposed to allergy often results in the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis such as red, itchy eyes and ocular discharge. The mediators of these allergic symptoms include histamine, inflammatory substances such as prostaglandins, and other products of...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/0149-2918(95)80066-2
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Etodolac, aspirin, and placebo were evaluated for efficacy and safety in 18 patients with adult-onset, active rheumatoid arthritis. This was a 12-week, double-blind, parallel-group study divided into drug titration and maintenance periods and preceded by a washout period of up to two weeks. The mean daily maintenance ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Vitamin D supplementation has been suggested to increase testosterone levels. The primary purpose of this literature review was to critically assess the physiologic effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum testosterone concentrations in men and the secondary purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of vitam...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.03.016
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:While corticosteroids are relatively inexpensive and commonly used as treatment for a variety of conditions, long-term use is known to be associated with certain toxicities. Prior systematic reviews have revealed an increased risk for costly adverse events (AEs), including bone fracture, infection, and gastroin...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.09.011
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Few studies have investigated restless legs syndrome (RLS) treatment effects on individual International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) items. We assessed the effects of gabapentin enacarbil (GEn) on individual IRLS items and their correlation with sleep disturbances in adults with moderate-to-severe prima...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.05.008
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Management of essential thrombocythemia (ET) in high-risk patients is difficult because high platelet numbers can lead to vascular occlusive events and bleeding. Therapeutic interventions in ET are limited to hydroxyurea and anagrelide; however, in Europe, anagrelide is contraindicated in patients with chron...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.11.006
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Flecainide, a new antiarrhythmic agent, was given to eight healthy men to ascertain plasma drug levels and to assess tolerance for the drug. Each subject received a single intravenous (IV) dose (0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2 mg/kg) of flecainide, and plasma levels of unchanged flecainide were measured by gas-liquid chromatography...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is responsible for an average of 4.5 million visits annually to physicians' offices, emergency departments, and outpatient clinics. However, there have been few studies using national data on the costs of treating CAP. Without such data, it is difficult to assess whether new therapie...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(98)80144-6
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In the past decade, health insurers have increased their reliance on cost control policies such as prior authorization and 3-tier formularies. Little is known about how these policies are being applied to psychotropic medications, many of which have low rates of patient adherence. OBJECTIVE:This study repor...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.02.011
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The effect of posaconazole, a strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitor and commonly used antifungal agent, on the pharmacokinetic properties of venetoclax, a CYP3A substrate, was evaluated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia to determine the dose adjustments needed to manage this potential interaction. ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.003
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A meeting of 14 transplant and pharmacokinetic specialists from Europe and North America was convened in November 2001 to evaluate scientific and clinical data regarding the use of different formulations of cyclosporin A (CsA). The following consensus was achieved. (1) CsA is a critical-dose drug with a narrow therape...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 共识发展会议,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80161-3
更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are distressing and frequent adverse effects (AEs) in women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Midazolam has been reported to be effective for preventing PONV in adults undergoing middle ear surgery and children undergoing strabismus surgery or tonsillectomy...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验,收录出版
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.08.005
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Healing rates were examined retrospectively in 124 outpatients with peptic ulcer who had received cimetidine for at least four weeks. Treatment was unsuccessful in 73 patients. A statistical analysis of the factors involved in treatment failure revealed that in patients with duodenal ulcers 60.6% of the treatment succ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:The goal of this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study was to compare the effects of losartan potassium (hereafter referred to as losartan), candesartan cilexitil (hereafter referred to as candesartan), and losartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in patients with mild to moderate hypertensio...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(00)83062-3
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
