Neuromotor development in children. Part 4: new norms from 3 to 18 years.

Abstract:

AIM:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to provide normative data for motor proficiency (motor performance and contralateral associated movements [CAMs]) in typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age using an updated version of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA-2). METHOD:Six-hundred and sixteen typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age were enrolled from day-care centres, kindergartens, and schools, and were tested using the ZNA-2 with improved items of the original battery. Motor proficiency was assessed on five components (fine motor tasks, pure motor tasks, static balance, dynamic balance, and CAMs) as a function of age and sex to determine centile curves for each task. Intraobserver, interobserver, and test-retest reliabilities were evaluated. RESULTS:Most ZNA-2 tasks featured a marked developmental trend and substantial interindividual variability. Test-retest reliability was generally high (e.g. static balance 0.67; CAMs 0.81; and total scores 0.84). INTERPRETATION:The ZNA-2 is a reliable and updated test instrument to measure motor proficiency in children from 3 to 18 years with improved properties for assessing motor performance. It allows continuous measurement without changing items for the entire age range; this feature of the ZNA-2 is unique and makes the instrument suitable for clinical purposes. The reduction of CAMs scoring simplifies the clinical procedure and increases its reliability. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS:The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, Second Edition (ZNA-2) provides new norms for motor proficiency in children between 3 years and 18 years. High reliabilities suggest that the revised test battery is a useful tool for assessing neuromotor development. Integration of a 'not able to perform' category makes the ZNA-2 suitable for clinical purposes.

journal_name

Dev Med Child Neurol

authors

Kakebeeke TH,Knaier E,Chaouch A,Caflisch J,Rousson V,Largo RH,Jenni OG

doi

10.1111/dmcn.13793

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-08-01 00:00:00

pages

810-819

issue

8

eissn

0012-1622

issn

1469-8749

journal_volume

60

pub_type

杂志文章
  • Hidden intelligence of a multiply handicapped child with Joubert syndrome.

    abstract::A child with Joubert syndrome (episodic hyperpnoea, abnormal eye-movements and ataxia) was followed from birth to eight years of age. Although severe mental retardation was suspected until approximately five years of age, unexpected and exceptional mental capacities were evident at later follow-up. Adequate testing an...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16933.x

    authors: Ziegler AL,Deonna T,Calame A

    更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00

  • Gait analysis by measuring ground reaction forces in children: changes to an adaptive gait pattern between the ages of one and five years.

    abstract::The aim of this study was to look at the maturational profile of gait parameters by measuring ground reaction forces during independent walking in children. Fifty-four normal children aged 1 to 5 years were examined. The children walked with eight force transducers under each sole. Gait velocity and step length increa...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07416.x

    authors: Preis S,Klemms A,Müller K

    更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00

  • Selective injury of the globus pallidus in children with post-cardiac surgery choreic syndrome.

    abstract::Occasionally children undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermia and cardiac arrest develop a postoperative syndrome of acute chorea. The authors report the neuropathological findings in two such children surgically treated for congenital heart disease. Examination of the brain showe...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11983.x

    authors: Kupsky WJ,Drozd MA,Barlow CF

    更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00

  • Power mobility skill progression for children and adolescents: a systematic review of measures and their clinical application.

    abstract:AIM:To identify and critically appraise standardized measures of power mobility skill used with children (18y or younger) with mobility limitations and explore the measures' application for 'exploratory', 'operational', and 'functional' learners. METHOD:Five electronic databases were searched along with hand-searching...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.13709

    authors: Field DA,Livingstone RW

    更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00

  • Auditory attention processing in 5-year-old children born preterm: evidence from event-related potentials.

    abstract::The assumption that children born preterm have difficulties in maintaining active attention was tested in passive and active tasks. Twenty 5-year-old children born preterm at 26 to 32 weeks gestational age were compared with 20 children born at term, matched for age and IQ, using an auditory paradigm. In the passive t...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1017/s0012162200000888

    authors: Dupin R,Laurent JP,Stauder JE,Saliba E

    更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00

  • Spastic diplegia and the significance of mothers' previous reproductive loss.

    abstract::In order to explore the relationship between spastic diplegia and mothers' previous reproductive loss, 119 cases of spastic diplegia born between 1953 and 1977 were compared with two series of controls. One control group comprised a random sample of all births, the other a random sample of births matched for birthweig...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1982.tb13579.x

    authors: Spiers PS,Davis N

    更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00

  • Language lateralization in children using functional transcranial Doppler sonography.

    abstract:AIM:Language lateralization with functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) and lexical word generation has been shown to have high concordance with the Wada test and functional magnetic resonance imaging in adults. We evaluated a nonlexical paradigm to determine language dominance in children. METHOD:In 23 rig...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03362.x

    authors: Haag A,Moeller N,Knake S,Hermsen A,Oertel WH,Rosenow F,Hamer HM

    更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00

  • Hereditary sensory neuropathy type II without trophic changes.

    abstract::Three cases with sensory peripheral neuropathies are reported. Case 1 presented with scoliosis, and cases 2 and 3 presented with abnormal gait. None had trophic limb changes, evidence of weakness, or a tendency to self-mutilation and each had normal motor studies on neurophysiological testing. Sural nerve biopsies sho...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16915.x

    authors: Bye AM,Baker WD,Pollard J,Wise G

    更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00

  • Early behavioural development of preterm infants.

    abstract::In this study 17 male and 13 female infants with gestational ages between 27 and 34 weeks (mean 30.7) and birthweights between 750 and 2020g (mean 1545) were evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale at 35, 38, 40 and 44 weeks postconceptional age. All were in room air at the time of observatio...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04452.x

    authors: Paludetto R,Rinaldi P,Mansi G,Andolfi M,Del Giudice G

    更新日期:1984-06-01 00:00:00

  • Tay-Sachs disease: case reports with emphasis on chromatographic study of rectal biopsy.

    abstract::Two South Indian Hindu children with typical clinical features compatible with Tay-Sachs disease are presented. The identification of GM2 as the major ganglioside in the lipid extract of rectal biopsy helped to confirm the clinical diagnosis. ...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1975.tb03475.x

    authors: Rao JG,Rama V,Srinivas K,Valmikinathan K

    更新日期:1975-04-01 00:00:00

  • The perception of passive joint-movements by cerebral-palsied children.

    abstract::Luce's choice theory provided the psychophysical basis for investigating the ability of cerebral-palsied children to detect passive movement of the elbow joint. The method included testing "yes" responses when the forearm was moved, and "false-alarm" responses of "yes" when no arm movement had occurred. The children w...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1976.tb03601.x

    authors: Jones B

    更新日期:1976-02-01 00:00:00

  • Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: developmental vegetative state as self-fulfilling prophecy.

    abstract::According to traditional neurophysiological theory, consciousness requires neocortical functioning, and children born without cerebral hemispheres necessarily remain indefinitely in a developmental vegetative state. Four children between 5 and 17 years old are reported with congenital brain malformations involving tot...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1017/s0012162299000821

    authors: Shewmon DA,Holmes GL,Byrne PA

    更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00

  • Extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis with cancellous bone graft and internal fixation for children with myelomeningocele.

    abstract::Extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis with cancellous bone graft and internal fixation was performed on 20 feet of 12 children with myelomeningocele, whose average age at operation was 7.4 years. Indication for surgery was progressive hindfoot valgus deformity causing difficulty in fitting orthoses. At average follow-u...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb05112.x

    authors: Aronson DD,Middleton DL

    更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00

  • The PEDALS stationary cycling intervention and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

    abstract:AIM:The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) following a stationary cycling intervention in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD:This was a phase I multisite randomized controlled trial with single blinding. HRQOL was evaluated using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory SF15 (...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04321.x

    authors: Demuth SK,Knutson LM,Fowler EG

    更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00

  • A study on carbamazepine levels, including estimation of 10-11 epoxy-carbamazepine and levels in free plasma and saliva.

    abstract::Blood and saliva were collected from 48 children, aged three to 17 years, before a morning dose of carbamazepine and then at three, six and eight hours afterward. There was no significant difference in the ratio of 10-11 epoxy-carbamazepine to total carbamazepine for children on carbamazepine alone (0.18) and those on...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1986.tb03922.x

    authors: Tomlin PI,McKinlay I,Smith I

    更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00

  • Health care service for families with children at early risk of developmental delay: an All Our Families cohort study.

    abstract:AIM:This study examined children's health care service use, mothers' workforce participation, and mothers' community engagement based on children's risk of developmental delay. METHOD:We used data from the All Our Families study, a prospective pregnancy cohort. Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) scores at year 2 indi...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.14343

    authors: Russell MJ,Premji S,Mcdonald S,Zwicker JD,Tough S

    更新日期:2020-03-01 00:00:00

  • Development of fine motor skills in preterm infants.

    abstract::Fine motor skills are related to functioning in daily life and at school. We reviewed the status of knowledge, in preterm children, on the development of fine motor skills, the relation with gross motor skills, and risk factors for impaired fine motor skills. We searched the past 15 years in PubMed, using ['motor skil...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.12297

    authors: Bos AF,Van Braeckel KN,Hitzert MM,Tanis JC,Roze E

    更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00

  • Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales as a summary of functional outcome of extremely low-birthweight children.

    abstract::This study reports moderate to high Pearson correlations between Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS) subscale and total scores and a variety of cognitive, academic and motor performance tests on a population of extremely low-birthweight infants assessed at eight years of age. The subscales describe adaptive behavi...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12046.x

    authors: Rosenbaum P,Saigal S,Szatmari P,Hoult L

    更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00

  • The development of independent walking in children with cerebral palsy.

    abstract::Electromyographic and kinematic data were collected during treadmill locomotion by normal infants and infants with cerebral palsy. Locomotor patterns of the infants with cerebral palsy were similar to those of normal infants during the stage of supported locomotion, but as they matured, some of the characteristics of ...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14926.x

    authors: Leonard CT,Hirschfeld H,Forssberg H

    更新日期:1991-07-01 00:00:00

  • Physical development of hyperactive boys.

    abstract::Anthropometric data were collected on groups of seven-year-old Dunedin (New Zealand) boys, identified as hyperactive-only, aggressive-hyperactive, aggressive-only and non-aggressive/non-hyperactive. Measures taken included stature, weight, skeletal maturity, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps and subscapular fatfold...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1985.tb04548.x

    authors: McGee R,Birkbeck J,Silva PA

    更新日期:1985-06-01 00:00:00

  • Early feeding problems in children with cerebral palsy: weight and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

    abstract::Using prospectively collected data from 13971 births enrolled in a large population-based cohort study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC), the prevalence of feeding difficulties at 4 weeks and 6 months of age in 33 children subsequently diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) were investigated. It wa...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1017/s0012162201001633

    authors: Motion S,Northstone K,Emond A,Stucke S,Golding J

    更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00

  • Risk of cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth: a national cohort study.

    abstract:AIM:To assess the risk of developing cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth. METHOD:By linking the Medical Birth Registry of Norway to other national registries, we identified all live births in Norway from 1967 through to 2001. Risks of cerebral palsy (CP) after preterm delivery and pregn...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.12430

    authors: Trønnes H,Wilcox AJ,Lie RT,Markestad T,Moster D

    更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00

  • The King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury and injury severity and outcome measures in children with traumatic brain injury.

    abstract::The aim of this study was to relate discharge King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) category to injury severity and detailed outcome measures obtained in the first year post-traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used a prospective cohort study. Eighty-one children with TBI were studied: 29 had severe, 15 ...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02061.x

    authors: Calvert S,Miller HE,Curran A,Hameed B,McCarter R,Edwards RJ,Hunt L,Sharples PM

    更新日期:2008-06-01 00:00:00

  • Interventions and lower-limb macroscopic muscle morphology in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a scoping review.

    abstract:AIM:To identify and map studies that have assessed the effect of interventions on lower-limb macroscopic muscle-tendon morphology in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD:We conducted a literature search of studies that included pre- and post-treatment measurements of lower-limb macroscopic muscle-tendon m...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.14652

    authors: Walhain F,Desloovere K,Declerck M,Van Campenhout A,Bar-On L

    更新日期:2020-09-02 00:00:00

  • Visual side-effects from transdermal scopolamine (hyoscine).

    abstract::Transdermal scopolamine may be used to reduce drooling in children with disabilities. Side-effects include dilated pupils and a reduction in the near point of accommodation (the closest point at which clear vision is possible). Two male children with epilepsy, one with spinal dysraphism (aged 7y 6mo) and one with cere...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1017/S0012162206000296

    authors: Firth AY,Walker K

    更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00

  • The maturation of linear acuity and compliance with the Sonksen-Silver Acuity System in young children.

    abstract::The compliance and maturation of visual acuity of 1245 2 1/2- to nine-year-olds was investigated. Testing was undertaken as part of routine surveillance. Ability to letter match, to achieve a binocular measure and to achieve monocular measures for children under three years was 89, 78 and 37 per cent, for children age...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12038.x

    authors: Salt AT,Sonksen PM,Wade A,Jayatunga R

    更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00

  • Morbidity and medication in a large population of individuals with Down syndrome compared to the general population.

    abstract:AIM:The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of morbidities and the prevalence of medical prescriptions in a large Down syndrome population. METHOD:A retrospective cohort study was carried out using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2013. We matched individuals wi...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.12868

    authors: Alexander M,Petri H,Ding Y,Wandel C,Khwaja O,Foskett N

    更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00

  • Neural reuse in the organization and development of the brain.

    abstract::Neural reuse is the process by which neural elements originally developed for one purpose are put to many different subsequent uses. In this brief review I will outline the role of neural reuse in the development of the brain. Special attention will be paid to elucidating and differentiating between two different mech...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1111/dmcn.13039

    authors: Anderson ML

    更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00

  • Tuberous sclerosis and infantile spasms.

    abstract::The short- and long-term outcome and special problems of 24 children with infantile spasms and tuberous sclerosis (TS) was studied. The diagnosis of TS is frequently missed: white spots on the skin have to be carefully looked for. In the present study, these spots were always found, and calcifications or hypodense are...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16926.x

    authors: Riikonen R,Simell O

    更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00

  • Handedness in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) children at 12 years of age: relation to perinatal and outcome variables.

    abstract::The authors assessed 137 VLBW children and 162 controls for laterality by observation and questionnaire at 12 years of age. A significantly higher proportion of the VLBW children were either left-handed or mixed-handed. A number of motor cognitive and educational outcome variables were measured. Impaired manual dexter...

    journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12124.x

    authors: Powls A,Botting N,Cooke RW,Marlow N

    更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00