Abstract:
AIM:The aim of this cross-sectional study was to provide normative data for motor proficiency (motor performance and contralateral associated movements [CAMs]) in typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age using an updated version of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA-2). METHOD:Six-hundred and sixteen typically developing children between 3 years and 18 years of age were enrolled from day-care centres, kindergartens, and schools, and were tested using the ZNA-2 with improved items of the original battery. Motor proficiency was assessed on five components (fine motor tasks, pure motor tasks, static balance, dynamic balance, and CAMs) as a function of age and sex to determine centile curves for each task. Intraobserver, interobserver, and test-retest reliabilities were evaluated. RESULTS:Most ZNA-2 tasks featured a marked developmental trend and substantial interindividual variability. Test-retest reliability was generally high (e.g. static balance 0.67; CAMs 0.81; and total scores 0.84). INTERPRETATION:The ZNA-2 is a reliable and updated test instrument to measure motor proficiency in children from 3 to 18 years with improved properties for assessing motor performance. It allows continuous measurement without changing items for the entire age range; this feature of the ZNA-2 is unique and makes the instrument suitable for clinical purposes. The reduction of CAMs scoring simplifies the clinical procedure and increases its reliability. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS:The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, Second Edition (ZNA-2) provides new norms for motor proficiency in children between 3 years and 18 years. High reliabilities suggest that the revised test battery is a useful tool for assessing neuromotor development. Integration of a 'not able to perform' category makes the ZNA-2 suitable for clinical purposes.
journal_name
Dev Med Child Neuroljournal_title
Developmental medicine and child neurologyauthors
Kakebeeke TH,Knaier E,Chaouch A,Caflisch J,Rousson V,Largo RH,Jenni OGdoi
10.1111/dmcn.13793subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-08-01 00:00:00pages
810-819issue
8eissn
0012-1622issn
1469-8749journal_volume
60pub_type
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journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology
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journal_title:Developmental medicine and child neurology
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doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16915.x
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