Abstract：
:In an otherwise healthy child with acute dehydration known to be due to diarrhea or vomiting, the amount of deficit can best be estimated by accurate weight. Total serum protein and hematocrit provide a rough estimate of reduction in circulating blood volume, but calculation from these data will usually underestimate the deficit. Determination of urea nitrogen concentration helps to detect reduced glomerular filtration rate. Acid-base disturbances, most commonly metabolic acidosis, are detected by measuring pH and CO2 content (or base excess). Blood glucose should be measured to rule out diabetes mellitus, even in the absence of a suggestive history. Determination of potassium in serum is most important in the diagnosis of adrenal or renal insufficiency and in the post-acidotic phase after dehydration. Osmolality of body fluids is estimated by measuring [Na+]. Since osmolality of body fluids is normally maintained at the expense of fluid volume by the kidney and the hormones governing renal excretion of water and sodium, abnormal osmolality indicates a serious condition which has to be interpreted with the help of clinical data. In cases of abnormal renal function or of abnormal losses, as with removal of gastrointestinal fluids by suction, or excessive and prolonged diarrhea, measuring volume and composition of excreta may be essential. Because of cumulative deficits, patients with prolonged losses or inability to regulate oral intake by thirst cannot be treated without continual careful interpretation of the reports from a good laboratory.
journal_name
Pediatr Clin North Amjournal_title
Pediatric clinics of North Americaauthors
Bruck Edoi
10.1016/s0031-3955(16)32538-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1971-02-01 00:00:00pages
265-83issue
1eissn
0031-3955issn
1557-8240pii
S0031-3955(16)32538-Xjournal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Renal arteriography remains the only study to identify and define correctly both location and extent of renal artery stenosis. Because other studies do not adequately identify all children who have renal artery disease, it is reasonable to perform renal arteriography in those children with severe hypertension who do n...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38485-1
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is a serious public health problem for Indigenous people throughout the world. This article reviews the epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and challenges in achieving successful clinical management of this disorder in Indigenous youth. Screening criteria and the complications and como...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.013
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Headache is a common chronic and recurrent symptom in children and adolescents. The author discusses the prevalence of headache, its differential diagnosis, interpretation of symptoms, methods of assessment, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment approaches. ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34683-1
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews the necessary skills required for clinicians to make informed decisions about the use of medications in women who are breastfeeding. Even without specific data on certain medications, this review of kinetic principles, mechanisms of medication entry into breast milk, and important infant factors c...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.009
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advancements in the care of children with cancer have, in part, been achieved through improvements in supportive care. Situations that require prompt care can occur at the time of presentation as well as during treatment. This article discusses the approach to children with fever and neutropenia, a complication encoun...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2014.09.016
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acutely poisoned children remain a common problem facing pediatricians working in acute care medicine in the United States and worldwide. The management of such children continues to be challenging, and their care has evolved throughout the years. The concept of gastric decontamination in acute poisoning has significa...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2008.02.010
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Feeding problems in infants and young children are common. In healthy children who are developing and growing normally, feeding problems are usually not serious and can be managed conservatively by reassuring the family and providing them with anticipatory guidance and follow-up. A majority of serious childhood feedin...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2017.08.021
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging bacterial infection worldwide, and community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infection, which has increased dramatically in frequency in many areas, is of particular clinical and public health concern. CA-MRSA outbreaks and severe infections have been reported ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2006.05.004
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most children with cancer are immunocompromised during therapy and for a variable period after completion of therapy. They are at an increased risk of infections, including vaccine-preventable infections. There is a reduction in immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases after completion of standard-dose chemotherapy an...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2007.10.012
更新日期：2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Research on human resiliency in the face of adversity has gained widespread currency in the study of the developmental outcomes for children exposed to multiple risk factors. This article reviews several of these studies from a multilevel perspective, with a view to documenting their contributions and limitations and ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70006-7
更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs more often in early childhood than at almost any other age. Many microorganisms are associated with pneumonia, but individual pathogens are difficult to identify, which poses problems in antibiotic management. This article reviews the common as well as new, emerging pathogens,...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.009
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article describes important aspects of health-care quality, quality improvement (QI), patient safety (PS), and approaches to research on QI/PS efforts. Common terminology to facilitate an understanding of QI and PS research is reviewed. Models for understanding system and process performance are discussed. Introd...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2015.12.006
更新日期：2016-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evaluation of the newborn with hyperbilirubinemia is an important and commonly encountered problem in all clinical pediatric-based practices. Cholestatic jaundice is always pathologic and warrants prompt assessment. The timely evaluation and directed treatment of any jaundiced newborn are essential to prevent serious ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38655-2
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Children with persistent neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems have extensive treatment, care, and community service needs. The child's disabilities can create new responsibilities, emotions, roles, and goals for the family. This article provides a framework for identifying and categorizing children with sp...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38914-3
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Whether providing anticipatory guidance to the young adolescent patient, conducting a preparticipation examination on a young athlete, or treating a sick user of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), the primary care physician must be familiar with the adverse consequences of the use of these compounds. This article re...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2007.04.001
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presentation, etiology, diagnostic examination, and management of pediatric cataracts are discussed in this article. If untreated, cataracts result in significant visual deprivation. Evaluation of the pupillary light reflex should become an integral part of every pediatrician's physical examination. Patients shoul...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38591-1
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:More than half of US adolescents will experiment with marijuana. Of those who try marijuana more than once, approximately one third will subsequently use marijuana regularly, although most will have stopped by their late 20s. Although genetic predisposition plays the most important role in determining who will develop...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(01)00011-6
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Emergency medicine requires diagnosing unfamiliar patients with undifferentiated acute presentations. This requires hypothesis generation and questioning, examination, and testing. Balancing patient load, care across the severity spectrum, and frequent interruptions create time pressures that predispose humans to fast...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2018.07.003
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Outpatient encounters form the mainstay of managing type I diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Management philosophy rests on the premise that normal physical and emotional growth is attainable and long-term complications minimized by maintenance of metabolic (glycemic) control. Management principles involv...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)36295-2
更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article outlines a few of the hematologic problems that are particular to developing countries, particularly those of the tropics. Because of globalization and the increasing movement of populations, hematologists in wealthier countries must be aware of the general patterns of hematologic change in the important ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00087-1
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:"In this article, the authors provide an overview of the current global and US debates on immigration as a key developmental context for immigrant-origin youth. Relying on a conceptual framework that highlights both risk and protective factors, the authors provide evidence from their longitudinal study that empiricall...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2019.02.010
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Varicella zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are all members of the Herpesviridae family.Humans are the only source of infection for these double stranded DNA viruses. Infants may acquire these infections in utero, peripartum, or postnatally, resulting in a variety of clinical syn...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2004.03.005
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteosarcoma is the most common neoplasm of bone in children and adolescents. The first effective therapy became available in the early 1970s, and although controversy existed for several years regarding the relative value of aggressive multiagent chemotherapy, presently about 60% of patients with resectable primary t...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38080-4
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Major advances have been made in the treatment of children with Wilms' tumor. Remaining areas of investigation include the role of adriamycin and the treatment of children with stage III and IV disease and the role of whole lung radiation therapy in the treatment of children with pulmonary metastases. Long-term follow...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38088-9
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In children, laboratory evaluations can assist in the screening of patients for inflammatory disorders, confirm diagnoses, allow for monitoring of disease activity and response to therapy, and suggest prognoses and risk of morbidities associated with rheumatic diseases. This review provides an overview of the usefulne...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2012.03.008
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The author shows that nonenzymic glucosylation of proteins can modify the structure and function of proteins isolated from non-insulin-dependent tissues and that these glucosylated proteins, whose normal functions have been altered or removed, may be related to diabetes and some of its sequelae. ...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34609-0
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The presence of certain medical or orthopedic conditions need not preclude adolescents from being physically active and participating in sports. The benefits of continued physical activity far outweigh any concerns for potential complications for most such conditions. This article reviews sport participation guideline...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2010.03.005
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article outlines the use of alternative agents to TCAs and SSRIs. Features of the more commonly used alternative antidepressant agents are outlined. In addition, antidepressant agents that are currently either under development or used in other countries are indicated for completeness because it seems likely that...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70067-5
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article focuses on the current status of in utero catheter interventions for congenital heart disease. The discussion of fetal interventions for cardiac defects briefly reviews the evolution of approaches to congenital heart disease and issues surrounding the prenatal detection of cardiac defects, the rationale f...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2004.08.005
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As a result of their preadoptive histories and experiences, internationally adopted children, especially those with a history of institutionalization, can present with a complex profile of developmental and behavioral issues. Although many children demonstrate significant recovery and resilience after joining their ad...
journal_title：Pediatric clinics of North America
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pcl.2005.06.010
更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00
