Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) in cost-effectiveness analysis involves sampling a large number of realisations of an economic model. For some parameters, we may be uncertain around the true mean values of the variables, but the ordering of the values is known. Typical sampling approaches lack either statistical or clinical validity. For example, sampling using a common number generator results in extreme dependence, and independent sampling can lead to realisations with incorrect ordering. METHODS:We propose a new sampling approach for ordered parameters, the difference method (DM) approach, which samples the parameters of interest via a difference parameter. If the parameters of interest are bounded, it involves transforming the variables so that they are unbounded and then sampling via the difference parameter. We have provided a Microsoft Excel workbook to implement the method. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example sampling ordered parameters for utility and cost. RESULTS:The DM approach has a number of advantages when comparing with the typical approaches used in practice. It generates PSA samples that have similar summary statistics as the given values in our examples, while maintaining the constraint that one value was greater than another. The method also implies plausible positive correlation between the two ordered variables. CONCLUSIONS:Both clinical and statistical validity should be checked when producing PSA samples. The DM approach should be considered as a solution to potential problems in generating PSA samples for ordered parameters.
journal_name
Pharmacoeconomicsjournal_title
PharmacoEconomicsauthors
Ren S,Minton J,Whyte S,Latimer NR,Stevenson Mdoi
10.1007/s40273-017-0584-3subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-03-01 00:00:00pages
341-347issue
3eissn
1170-7690issn
1179-2027pii
10.1007/s40273-017-0584-3journal_volume
36pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Clinical and economic factors that are important to consider when selecting anaesthesia for day-case surgery can differ from those for inpatient anaesthesia. Patients undergoing day-case surgery tend to be healthier and have shorter durations of surgery. They expect less anxiety before surgery, amnesia for the surgica...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200017030-00003
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To calculate costs for the management of deep foot infections and to identify the most important factors related to treatment costs. DESIGN:Costs for in-hospital care, surgery, investigations, antibacterials, visits to the foot-care team, orthopaedic appliances and topical treatment were calculated retrospec...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200018030-00003
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited Pfizer, the manufacturer of inotuzumab ozogamicin (henceforth inotuzumab), to submit clinical- and cost-effectiveness evidence for inotuzumab as part of NICE's single technology appraisal process. The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and the Cent...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-019-00779-4
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Venetoclax is licensed to treat relapsed or refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). As part of the Single Technology Appraisal (STA) ID944, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) invited AbbVie, the manufacturer, to submit evidence on the use of venetoclax, within its licensed indic...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0599-9
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this article was to perform a detailed methodological review of models used to estimate the cost effectiveness of drug treatment regimens for HIV infection in Europe and North America and assess the relationship between the different modeling approaches or key structural assumptions and the results. Electro...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-013-0098-6
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Cyclosporin microemulsion (Neoral) is a self-emulsifying preconcentrate of cyclosporin which is more rapidly and consistently absorbed than the original oil-based formulation of cyclosporin (standard formulation; Sandimmun, Sandimmune). This superior pharmacokinetic profile suggests that cyclosporin microemu...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814060-00009
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health economic evaluation is a framework for the comparative analysis of the incremental health gains and costs associated with competing decision alternatives. The process of developing health economic models is usually complex, financially expensive and time-consuming. For these reasons, model development is someti...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0553-x
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with schizophrenia suffer numerous relapses and rehospitalizations that are associated with high direct and indirect medical expense. Suboptimal therapeutic efficacy and, in particular, problems with compliance are major factors leading to relapse. Atypical antipsychotic agents offer improved efficacy and a l...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523001-00004
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of problems are associated with the operation, quality, costs, and benefits of therapeutic substitution programmes. Adequate communication of procedures, events, and failures are essential features of a safe therapeutic substitution policy. However, case reports of suboptimal therapy and differences in pha...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199200011-00010
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore whether the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) takes account of concerns other than just incremental cost effectiveness in commissioning healthcare services. METHOD:A stated preference binary choice experiment was used to explore the preferences of members of NICE's Appra...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200725080-00006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has become increasingly popular to carry out cost-effectiveness analyses in economic evaluations of healthcare programmes. Cost-effectiveness analysis is based on the maximisation of the health effects for a given amount of resources. However, many published studies fail to report the results of cost-effectiveness ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609020-00003
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of alcoholism in the Federal Republic of Germany. Direct costs comprised treatment costs, while indirect costs consisted mainly of costs incurred as a result of work time lost, as well as costs related to premature retirement and premature mortali...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199610050-00006
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The measurement and valuation of health-related quality of life for and by young people are increasingly important, yet research on the impact of study perspective and validity of preferences obtained from young populations remains limited. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibili...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00884-9
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To determine the economic impact (cost-benefit analysis) of childhood varicella vaccination, with the Oka/Merck varicella zoster virus vaccine live (Varivax) in Italy. METHODS:This analysis is based on an epidemiological model of varicella zoster virus (VZV) dynamics adapted to the Italian situation. Cost data (Eu...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422130-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatment can affect communication, nutrition, and physical appearance, and the global impact of this disease on patients' quality of life may be substantial. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this systematic literature review was to describe the impact of HNC and its treatment on the ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0199-x
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Recent clinical trial results have demonstrated that, in patients with type 2 diabetes, second-line treatment of rosiglitazone in combination with metformin can lead to significant improvements in the control of fasting plasma glucose/ glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) after the failure of metformin mon...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200624001-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with AIDS. Over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-PCP medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. Recently, the US Food and Drug Admi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609060-00007
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The study objective was to evaluate and compare quality-of-life (QOL) parameters between patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus who changed therapy from an oral hypoglycaemic agent (OHA) to insulin and those who remained on an OHA. DESIGN:The World Health Organization Quality of Life ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199814020-00008
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) has been increasingly used in preterm infants in the last 3 to 4 years. Recent studies have indicated a reduction in blood transfusion requirements in infants receiving rHuEpo. No significant adverse effects have emerged, apart from iron deficiency (if iron supplementation is ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199712040-00002
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the current climate of cost containment and quality control, nosocomial infection is a worrisome adverse event in hospital care. Hospitalised patients require care for increasingly severe illnesses, and are therefore more susceptible to infection, especially by opportunistic micro-organisms. It is thus necessary to...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507020-00005
更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A systematic review of dementia cost-of-illness (COI) studies in the US and Canada was conducted to explore the policy-making relevance of these studies. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EconLit, AMED and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2010 for English-language COI articles. Content analysis was used to ex...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11539450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::For practical reasons, in order to carry out economic evaluations of collective decisions, total costs will generally be compared with total benefits; hence, individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) or quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) have to be estimated at an aggregate level. So far, aggregation has usually been don...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200119040-00001
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the cost effectiveness (from the UK NHS and personal social services perspective) of the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine compared with usual care in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Patients had a mean age of 74 years, a mean disease...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523120-00010
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends regular physician follow-up and lipid testing to promote adherence with lipid-lowering medications. The objective of this study was to determine whether lipid tests and physician visits after treatment initiation are indeed associated with...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422003-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rufinamide (Inovelon®), a triazole derivative, is an oral antiepileptic drug approved in the EU as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in patients aged ≥4 years. The efficacy of oral rufinamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with LGS uncontrolled on one to t...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11208630-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To obtain utility estimates suitable for use in economic models for chronic spontaneous (idiopathic) urticaria (CSU). METHODS:Patient-level data from three randomized clinical trials-ASTERIA I, ASTERIA II and GLACIAL-were analysed. Health states were derived from the Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UA...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0375-7
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Weight Reduction is Cost-Effective for the Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Thailand. ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s40273-018-0754-y
更新日期:2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined the costs of treatment of, and quality of life in, patients with antineoplastic therapy-induced neutropenic fever who were treated with antibacterials, with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Patients with haematological malignancies (n = 47) or solid tumours (n =...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-199712030-00007
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our objective was to assess the quality of reporting of original economic research articles in PharmacoEconomics from inception to the end of 1995, in order to identify areas of strength and weakness, and analyse trends over time. Each regular issue of the journal was examined for original economic evaluations. Accept...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199712060-00008
更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate savings in the cost of caring for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) during 6 months, 1 year and 2 years of treatment with rivastigmine. An intermediate objective was to estimate the relationship between disease progression and institutionalisation. DESIGN AND SETTING:We assessed the relation...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200017040-00005
更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00