Abstract：
:The discovery of antibiotics is considered one of the most significant scientific achievements of the 20th century, revolutionizing both human and veterinary medicine. However, antibiotics have been recently recognized as an emerging class of environmental contaminants since they have been massively administrated in humans and animals and persist in the environment through a complex vicious cycle of transformation and bioaccumulation. The diffusion of antibiotics in the environment, particularly in natural water systems, contributes to the development and global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon is one of the most important challenges to the health care sector in the 21st century. As a result, studies on the occurrence, fate, and effects of antibiotics in European aqueous environments have increased in the last years. Nevertheless, their potential aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity via environmental exposure routes remain unknown. Consequently, antibiotics are not regulated through the current European environmental water quality standards, which requires evidence concerning their widespread environmental contamination and intrinsic hazard. In this context, this literature review summarizes the state of knowledge on the occurrence of antibiotics in the different aqueous environmental systems across the Europe, as reported since 2000. Relating this subject to antibiotic consumption and their dynamic behavior in the environment, the acquired insights provide an improved understanding on aquatic pollution by antibiotics to outline the European scenario. Moreover, it addresses challenges, prospects for future research, and typical topics to stimulate discussion.
journal_name
Environ Intjournal_title
Environment internationalauthors
Carvalho IT,Santos Ldoi
10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-09-01 00:00:00pages
736-757eissn
0160-4120issn
1873-6750pii
S0160-4120(16)30243-4journal_volume
94pub_type
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journal_title：Environment international
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journal_title：Environment international
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journal_title：Environment international
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.016
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journal_title：Environment international
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environment international
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
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journal_title：Environment international
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doi：10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.008
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journal_title：Environment international
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journal_title：Environment international
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Environment international
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journal_title：Environment international
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journal_title：Environment international
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Environment international
pub_type： 杂志文章
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