Abstract：
:Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is accompanied by an increased risk for thromboembolic events in most affected patients. Current guidelines therefore recommend antithrombotic therapy with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or non VKA oral anticoagulant (NOAC) in the majority of AF patients. Current AF treatment guidelines recommend that only patients younger than 65 years of age with lone AF, meaning without further concomitant risk factors for thromboembolic events should not be anticoagulated. NOACs, like the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the factor X inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban have undergone large phase III clinical trials concerning treatment efficacy and bleeding risk in comparison to the VKA warfarin. In most cases, treatment with NOACs has been shown to decrease thromboembolic risk and/or decrease bleeding risk when compared with warfarin. Especially, as major hemorrhages like life threatening or intracranial bleeds are reduced, the question arises, if due to favourable adverse event ratios the indication for oral anticoagulation therapy should be broadened and all patients with diagnosed AF should be anticoagulated. This article gives a review on currently used thromboembolic and bleeding risk scores. Furthermore, the impact of NOAC therapy on stroke and bleeding risk is summarized, especially taking pharmacological interactions of NOAC therapy altering thromboembolic or bleeding risk into consideration. Differences of currently available guidelines are discussed. Finally, ongoing recent studies on treatment of low risk patients are debated.
journal_name
J Cardiovasc Pharmacoljournal_title
Journal of cardiovascular pharmacologyauthors
Hammwöhner M,Goette Adoi
10.1097/FJC.0000000000000297subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-12-01 00:00:00pages
530-9issue
6eissn
0160-2446issn
1533-4023journal_volume
66pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in the heart relies on the activity of three membrane mechanisms: the Na+/H+ exchange and an Na+, HCO3(-)-dependent transport, both activated after an acid load, and the Cl-/HCO(3-) exchange, activated by an intracellular alkalinization. Whereas several specific inhibitors of Na+/H+ e...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199610000-00011
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of CGS 26303, an endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on the prevention and reversal of cerebral vasospasm was investigated in a rabbit model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the prevention study, rabbits were injected with 3 ml of autologous blood in the cisterna magna and treatment with CGS 26303 i...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199800001-00089
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabetes mellitus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality caused by the micro- and macro-vascular complications that all too frequently develop during the lifetime of the diabetic patient. In attempts to treat the complications of diabetes, several different treatment strategies have been investigated. ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We compared the effect of verapamil slow-release (VSR) and the combination of nifedipine plus propranolol on transient myocardial ischemia in a double-blind study comprising 20 patients with proven coronary artery disease and chronic stable angina. According to the results of 24-h Holter-monitoring recording, patients...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199204000-00024
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Beraprost sodium is a stable analog of the vasodilator, platelet antiaggregatory eicosanoid, prostacyclin. Experiments were performed to determine whether long-term therapy with beraprost produces vascular protective effects in saline-drinking stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs). Oral beraprost at 30...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199709000-00003
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of this study was to investigate the renal effects of aranidipine, a novel calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type, and its active metabolite in anesthetized dogs and conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). When infused into the renal artery in anesthetized dogs, aranidipine (0.03 mic...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199802000-00014
更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Among other mediators, platelet-derived serotonin (5-HT) may contribute to thromboembolic complications of atherosclerosis. We determined whether long-term oral treatment with the 5-HT2 antagonist naftidrofuryl (NAF, 50 mg/kg daily for 12 weeks) alters platelet function in cholesterol-fed (1%) rabbits. Hypercholestero...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199302000-00021
更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of cardiovascular diseases with high incidence and mortality. MicroRNAs, as posttranscriptional regulators of genes, are involved in many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine whether miR-203 was functional in MI therapy and how it ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/FJC.0000000000000733
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the effect of different ACE inhibitors on tissue injury in isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Zofenoprilat (1-100 microM), but not enalaprilat or lisinopril, significantly reduced infarct size, as estimated on the basis of triphenyltetrazoliu...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-200402000-00020
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was performed to determine if cardiodepression can be dissociated from cardioprotection with calcium antagonists and which one (diltiazem, nifedipine, or verapamil) can maximally protect ischemic myocardium at a given level of cardiodepression. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 microM d...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the central nervous system has been suggested to produce suppressive effects on pain transmission. We investigated the manner by which ET-1 exerts this action. ET-1 administered intracerebroventricularly produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in a thermal pain test that utilized a spin...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/01.fjc.0000166271.40044.0c
更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts set up to allow measurement of mechanical myocardial function (according to Bardenheuer and Schrader) were subjected to 60 min of global ischemia (gI). The hearts were perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS; control group) or KHS with desipramine (DMI group) 100...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-198806121-00003
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of delta-opioid receptors in mediating ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in rats, rabbits, and pigs has been well-established; however, no studies have been performed in dogs. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if activation of delta-opioid receptors can mimic the cardioprotective effec...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-200307000-00012
更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Vasopeptidase inhibitors are single molecules that inhibit neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) simultaneously. Omapatrilat, the first in this new class of cardiovascular agents, potentiates vasodilatory and cardioprotective peptides and represses angiotensin II. This study compared the ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199912000-00003
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) play a critical physiological role in energy homeostasis, in inflammation, and a protective role in cardiovascular function. We assessed the antioxidant effect of clofibrate-induced Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) stimulation on ischemic myoca...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/FJC.0b013e31826216ed
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acetaminophen is a widely prescribed analgesic/antipyretic metabolized by hepatic glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. Twelve patients, 30-66 years of age, with stable Class III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF) and 12 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and weight received single 650-mg intravenous doses of ace...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-198307000-00027
更新日期：1983-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The increased production of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as the basis for myocardial dysfunction and the lack of response to vasoconstrictors during endotoxin shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our objective was to evaluate and compare NO production in major organs of rats treated with LPS, 1 or 14 mg...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199901000-00012
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Desethylamiodarone (DA) is a major metabolite of amiodarone (AM), a Class III antiarrhythmic drug. The plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of AM and DA (10 mg/kg i.v.) were compared in anesthetized dogs. Plasma, white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), liver, and skeletal muscle samples were obtained ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-198710000-00002
更新日期：1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To evaluate the safety and pharmacologic activity of ITF 296 in humans, three groups of healthy male normotensive subjects were studied. The first two groups (six subjects each) received, in ascending order, three dose levels of ITF 296 by 30-min intravenous infusion (group I, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 microgram/kg/min; group II,...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The therapeutic strategy of heart rate control for atrial fibrillation (AF) is undergoing a renaissance since several recent randomized trials demonstrated clear advantages over the rhythm control for many patients. Heart rate control for AF is hampered, however, by a dearth of information relating target heart rates ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/FJC.0b013e31816d5f49
更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Poor compliance may be responsible for symptomatic decompensation or neurohormonal "escape" in patients with heart failure treated over the long term with angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACEI) drugs. Serum ACE activity is a poor index of neurohormonal suppression or haemodynamic effect after ACE-inhibitor treatment. ...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/00005344-199701000-00018
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Using selective endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists, we investigated which ET receptor subtypes mediate the changes in blood pressure and hematocrit produced by intraarterial injection of ET-1 in the anesthetized rabbit. In addition, the receptor through which ET-1 stimulates the release of prostacyclin (PGI2) and, h...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199322008-00050
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypertension is a well-known risk factor that predisposes to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary flow abnormalities, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. This complex of abnormalities is known as hypertensive heart disease and eventually leads to heart failure. Structural lesions underlying th...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00005344-199800003-00003
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A randomized open-label clinical trial was conducted to determine whether mortality, readmission, or quality of life differed between heart failure patients managed with captopril plus diuretics and those with digoxin plus diuretics. A total of 345 heart failure patients in New York Heart Association functional classe...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/00005344-199905000-00009
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：SUMMARY:The present study reports the effects of apomorphine (APO) on blood pressure and the principal site of action of this agonist in 4-week deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive conscious rats. In these preprations, intravenous (i.v.) administration of APO (0.50-1 mg/kg) induced short-lasting and dose-dep...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-200312000-00012
更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The extent to which posture altered the haemodynamic response to slow calcium channel blocker nicardipine was evaluated in 22 male patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Patients were randomly allocated to supine or upright posture and an otherwise identical protocol performed in each group....
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/00005344-199007000-00012
更新日期：1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of tilisolol, a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker, on transmembrane ionic currents were studied in single guinea pig ventricular myocytes by using the whole-cell voltage clamp technique. In the absence of beta-adrenergic stimulation, 10 microM tilisolol, a concentration higher than that used in the cl...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199705000-00005
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-residue peptide isolated from the conditioned medium of cultured porcine endothelial cells and is widely distributed throughout the body, with relatively high levels in the kidney and lung. In this study we examined the influence of thyroid hormone status on immunoreactive endothelin (ir-ET...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-199322008-00078
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Guanfacine 3 mg was infused into six volunteers over 1 h on two occasions to investigate whether its sympatholytic effect is centrally or peripherally mediated. On one occasion, the central effects of guanfacine were blocked by prior administration of idazoxan 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (45 min preguanfacine); central alpha 2-blo...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1097/00005344-198500076-00027
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been suggested that isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)-induced venodilation could be ascribed to preferential accumulation of the agent in venous tissues, resulting in higher concentrations of nitric oxide (NO). Here, the authors investigated whether the venodilating effect of ISDN is associated with a preferential in...
journal_title：Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005344-200301000-00006
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
