Abstract:
:The three opioid receptors, mu, delta and kappa all mediate analgesia, and knockout mice with opioid receptor deletion have proven unique tools to investigate in vivo opioid pharmacology. Since a few years, a number of new mouse lines have been engineered, with several distinct mutations of the mu receptor, to assess the role of specific amino acid residues or peptidic sequences of this receptor in analgesia and tolerance. The analysis of analgesia in mice deleted in kappa receptor and triple mu/delta/kappa receptor knockout mice have provided advances in opioid-induced analgesia. Also, the global and conditional deletion of the delta receptor in peripheral nociceptive neurons has revealed the participation of the targeted receptors in opioid-induced analgesia. Another approach for the study of opioid receptors is the visualization of these receptors in vivo, by engineering of knock-in mice with fluorescently tagged receptors. A mouse line with a fluorescent delta receptor has allowed live imaging of this receptor in behavioral paradigms and first studies on ligand-biased agonism at this receptor in vivo. The studies with mutant mouse lines for opioid receptors, combined with novel molecular and pharmacological approaches, will allow to develop novel strategies for opioid-based analgesia. This review summarizes the different genetically modified mouse lines for opioid receptors as well as the data and concepts inferred from analgesia results on these mutant mouse lines.
journal_name
Curr Pharm Desjournal_title
Current pharmaceutical designauthors
Gavériaux-Ruff Cdoi
10.2174/138161281942140105163727subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
7373-81issue
42eissn
1381-6128issn
1873-4286pii
CPD-EPUB-20130219-33journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Periodontal diseases are common inflammatory conditions of the supporting apparatus of the teeth which lead to early tooth loss. This review discusses the evidence for a role of reactive oxygen species in inducing periodontal tissue damage and focuses on recent evidence showing increased local and systemic alterations...
journal_title:Current pharmaceutical design
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