Abstract：
:Studying the susceptibility of 189 Neisseria meningitidis strains to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and rifampicin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by agar dilution (reference method), E-test and disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 enabled us to standardize the antibiograms. While MIC determination by agar dilution is still the reference method, it is possible to obtain exact or approximate MIC values using the E-test. For laboratories that cannot determine penicillin MICs, it is impossible to detect strains that are relatively resistant to penicillin (RRP strains: 0.1 < or = MIC < or = 1 mg/l) using a 10-U penicillin disc. A 1 microgram-oxacillin disc allows MIC to be determined in most cases when the oxacillin inhibition zone is < or = 10 mm. Such strains must be sent to a reference laboratory for exact MIC determination. Based on our results and literature data on pharmacokinetics, we propose critical concentrations for these various antibiotics as well as critical diameters for chloramphenicol and rifampicin discs.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Nicolas P,Cavallo JD,Fabre R,Martet Gsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-01-01 00:00:00pages
393-400issue
4eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
76pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Subjects with sickle cell trait have been known to offer resistance to induced Plasmodium falciparum infection. The resistance to malarial infection in other haemoglobinopathic disorders is not clearly known. Investigations were undertaken to test for resistance to malaria in Hb E thalassaemia disease. Compared to con...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Haemosporidia, which comprise the malaria parasites, have probably evolved from Coccidia of the intestinal epithelium of the vertebrate host by adaptation first to some tissues of the internal organs and then to life in the circulating cells of the blood.The present opinion is that, among the malaria parasites of ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There have been 4 waves of imported malaria in the USA. They occurred during the colonization of the country and during the Second World War, the UN Police Action in Korea, and the Viet-Nam conflict. The first 3 episodes are briefly described and the data on imported malaria from Viet-Nam are discussed in detail.Endem...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study spanning 10 years indicates that the erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites can be stored indefinitely in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen without significant loss of infectivity. The results also suggest that loss due to the recovery procedures exceeds any loss that may have occurred during freezing and...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Early identification of children at high risk of diarrhoea-associated dehydration would be of great value to health care workers in developing countries. To identify prognostic factors for life-threatening dehydration, we carried out a case-control study among under-2-year-olds in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Cases were 192 ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The biological effects of tuberculin in an organism infected with tubercle bacilli are due to an unknown number of different substances, which are present in varying concentrations in different tuberculin preparations. Consequently, the response to tuberculin tests with various products is likely to vary with the biol...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:Literature on human resources for health in Africa has focused on personal health services. Little is known about graduate public health education. This paper maps "advanced" public health education in Africa. Public health includes all professionals needed to manage and optimize health systems and the public...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.045526
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Over the last decade, a massive increase in data collection and analysis has occurred in many fields. In the health sector, however, there has been relatively little progress in data analysis and application despite a rapid rise in data production. Given adequate governance, improvements in the quality, quantity, stor...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.2471/BLT.14.139022
更新日期：2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To provide the basic information needed for studies of drug toxicity in rats suffering from protein deficiency, weanling male albino rats were fed for 28 days on either laboratory chow or a synthetic diet containing 27% or 8% of casein. The low-protein diet produced a kwashiorkoric cachexia characterized by stunting, ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Comprehensive labelling forms a vital part of any steps to control the quality of commercially distributed diagnostic reagents. This Memorandum gives recommendations for such labelling. Specifications are given for the recommended minimum information to be given on the label attached to the immediate container of clin...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:In 2000, a referral hospital in the Gambia accepted a donation of oxygen concentrators to help maintain oxygen supplies. The concentrators broke down and were put into storage. A case study was done to find the reasons for the problem and to draw lessons to help improve both oxygen supplies and the success of...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.07.042994
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:We aimed to determine the burden of bacillary dysentery in China, its cross-regional variations, trends in morbidity and mortality, the causative bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance patterns. METHODS:We extracted and integrated governmental statistics and relevant medical literature published from...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.023853
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Health care reform in Europe is discussed in the light of the Ljubljana Charter, with particular reference to progress made in Estonia and Lithuania. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The public sector in developing countries is increasingly contracting with the non-state sector to improve access, efficiency and quality of health services. We conducted a multicountry study to assess the range of health services contracted out, the process of contracting and its influencing factors in ten countries ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.06.033027
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Field trials of various molluscicides-notably sodium pentachlorophenate, copper sulfate and dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol-were carried out in Brazil in order to test their effectiveness against the aquatic intermediate hosts of human bilharziasis. Sodium pentachlorophenate was found to be the most effective in relation t...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cardiomyopathies are certain heart diseases of unknown etiology and pathogenesis, occurring mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, where they constitute a major clinical problem and sometimes a public health problem. The need for international co-operation in the study of such forms of heart disease has long been r...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1968-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article provides a framework for the design of future eradication programmes so that the greatest benefit accrues to health systems development from the implementation of such programmes. The framework focuses on weak and fragile health systems and assumes that eradication leads to the cessation of the interventi...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eighteen patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection were studied in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to monitor the response of the malaria parasite to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. In all infections the parasitaemia was cleared rapidly following treatment with standard dose of the drug combination; no recrudescence was observe...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nation-wide tuberculosis prevalence surveys were conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1953, 1958 and 1963, using the stratified random sampling method. Follow-up surveys were made on one-third of the areas surveyed in the previous year in 1954, 1959 and 1964. In this paper the results of surveys...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sera were collected from 320 shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus) nesting on two islands off the east coast of northern Australia in December 1969. About 10% of these sera specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the 1957 strain of human influenza (A2/Asian/57), some to high titre.The neuraminidase of A2...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine trends in the causes of death in a West African town. Mortality caused by infectious diseases is reported to be declining while degenerative and man-made mortality factors are increasingly significant. Most mortality analyses for sub-Saharan Africa have involved extrapolation and have not been de...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:To implement and evaluate a public-private partnership to deliver the internationally recommended strategy DOTS for the control of tuberculosis (TB) in Lalitpur municipality, Nepal, where it is estimated that 50% of patients with TB are managed in the private sector. METHODS:A local working group developed ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis and the prevalence of coronary stenosis and thrombosis were studied in subjects who had died of fresh or recurrent myocardial infarction or had suffered from myocardial infarction in the past. In general, severe atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries with stenosis and calcificatio...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A simple technique for achieving high yields of Plasmodium falciparum parasites on a continuous basis is described. The technique is applicable in any laboratory. The culture apparatus is also simple and inexpensive and allows multiple cultures to be run simultaneously. A total of approximately 1-2 x 10(9) parasites c...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is likely that everyone will, at some time, suffer from a problem related to the musculoskeletal system, ranging from a very common problem such as osteoarthritis or back pain to severely disabling limb trauma or rheumatoid arthritis. Many musculoskeletal problems are chronic conditions. The most common symptoms ar...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An epidemic of poliomyelitis took place in British Guiana during the winter of 1962-63. A total of 485 paralytic cases occurred over a 10-week period, 90% in children under 5 years of age.The attack rate for the total population of more than half-a-million persons was 86.5 per 100 000. Type 1 poliovirus was isolated f...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The National ARI Control Programme was launched in 1989 in order to reduce the mortality attributed to pneumonia, and rationalize the use of drugs in the management of patients with ARI. WHO's standard ARI case man...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The clinical manifestations of acute poisoning by organophosphorus compounds in man are in accord with, initially, the stimulation and, later, the blocking of cholinergic transmission due to acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The manifestations involve mainly the para-sympathetic nerves, the neuromuscular junctions, and...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) has been rarely reported in the American literature since 1960. It is interesting that each of the 3 epidemics reported since then has been associated with exposure to hamsters. In 1973, 48 cases of LCM spanning the years 1971-1973 occurred at the University of Rochester Medical Scho...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The intrinsic qualities of influenza virus particles may be studied at the biological level from two points of view:(1) The surface structures associated with adsorption to the surface of the susceptible cell and entry into its substance are regarded as essentially somatic in character. Infection is possible only when...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1953-01-01 00:00:00
