Abstract:
:Terrestrial plant leaves are complex structures of composite materials. Resistance to fracture is achieved by a number of mechanisms, which operate at the molecular, cell, tissue, and structural levels. Leaves of dicots have different venation patterns and cell wall volume fractions from those of grasses, and consequently, they potentially resist fracture in different ways. Animals mechanically process plants in order to rupture the cell wall in preparation for enzymic hydrolysis, for which the imperative is to maximize new surface area and/or to expedite access to cell contents, ideally by promoting elastic fracture. The two different plant types are fed on by two different groups of organisms of very different sizes, digestive physiologies, mechanical processing abilities and properties, and nutritional requirements. Small insects can feed in or on parts of leaves, while larger mammals generally have to feed on the whole leaf. The scale of feeding also differs for the two groups of herbivores, but how this interacts with the scale of the mechanical properties of the leaf is not well understood. Plant leaves are attacked at all scales and probably can only produce generalized responses to specialized herbivores. In addition, the opportunities that these different scales of interactions open for the different herbivores remain unexplored.
journal_name
Am J Botjournal_title
American journal of botanyauthors
Sanson Gdoi
10.3732/ajb.93.10.1531subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-10-01 00:00:00pages
1531-45issue
10eissn
0002-9122issn
1537-2197pii
93/10/1531journal_volume
93pub_type
杂志文章abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Endophytic fungi are common inhabitants of cool-season grasses that can affect host growth and reproduction. One prerequisite for the expected coevolution between symbionts is that there exist variable effects of the endosymbiont on its host in different environments. Here, the impact of endophytes...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1000226
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::There have been three periods of significant discovery in the exploration of fern and lycophyte genetics. First, during the 1930s, Andersson-Kottö conducted crossing studies on ferns. The publication of Manton's magnum opus on fern chromosomes in 1950 stimulated the second. The third emerged from Klekowski's 1973 Amer...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3732/ajb.1400317
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The evolutionary shift from radial to bilateral symmetry in flowers is generally associated with the evolution of low flower-size variation. This phenomenon supports the hypothesis that the lower size variation in bilateral flowers can be attributed to low pollinator diversity. In this study, we pr...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1500371
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The classification of the genus Salix has historically been intrinsically difficult due to its propensity toward plasticity and high variation in diagnostic morphological characters. We investigated leaf epidermal characteristics, focusing on the stomatal apparatus because it may provide critical i...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1100019
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Welwitschiaceae, a family in the Gnetales, is known today from only one extant species, Welwitschia mirabilis. This species is distributed in the Namibian desert, along the western coast of southern Africa, about 10 km inland from the coast. Very little is known about the fossil record of this family. Lower Cretaceous...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1294
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reproductive traits of tropical tree species vary predictably in relation to successional stage, but this variation may be due to the species' phylogenetic histories rather than selective pressures imposed by regeneration requirements. Reproductive phenology, tree size at the onset of reproduction, and fecundity of 11...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In spite of the ecological and economic importance of temperate bamboos, relatively little is known about their population biology or evolutionary history. Recently, hybridization has emerged as a potential source of diversity in this group, as well as an underlying cause of taxonomic problems. As part of a broader ph...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.0900244
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tribe Macadamieae (91 spp., 16 genera; Proteaceae) is widespread across the southern hemisphere on all major fragments of Gondwana except New Zealand and India. Macadamia is cultivated outside its natural range as a "nut" crop (notably in Hawaii, where it is the principal orchard crop). We sampled seven DNA regions an...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.0700006
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Vestigialization of traits that no longer enhance fitness is a common theme in evolution. Plants often use colorful, scented flowers to attract pollinators that mediate outcross pollination. After an evolutionary shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization, where cross-pollination is no longer nec...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1300159
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::After 120 yr of burial in moist, well-aerated sand, 23 seeds of Verbascum blattaria and two seeds of a Verbascum sp. germinated and produced normal plants (50% germination for Verbascum). After a 6-wk cold treatment, a single seed of Malva rotundifolia germinated also, producing a normal plant (2% germination). Plants...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1285
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study shows that structural data, when carefully examined, can provide valuable characters for delimiting monophyletic groups and can complement DNA with observable features to recognize and circumscribe taxa. In the angiosperm order Apiales, traditional classification has relied heavily (often exclusively) on fr...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.93.9.1357
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:General relationships among functional traits have been identified across species, but the forces shaping these relationships remain largely unknown. Adopting an approach from evolutionary biology, we studied similarities and differences in intrapopulation trait correlations among locally co-occurr...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajb2.1146
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequence data from the internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS and ETS) regions of 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA and the 3' trnK intron of chloroplast DNA from over 60 populations of Lasthenia sect. Amphiachaenia yielded a well-supported tree showing that the most common species...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1103
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Bio-ontologies are essential tools for accessing and analyzing the rapidly growing pool of plant genomic and phenomic data. Ontologies provide structured vocabularies to support consistent aggregation of data and a semantic framework for automated analyses and reasoning. They are a key component of...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1200222
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Microsatellite primers were developed in the native legume tree Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure in natural populations in Argentina. METHODS AND RESULTS:Nine microsatellite markers were identified using a genomic library enriched for tandemly...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1200078
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Darwin's research on botany and plant physiology was a landmark attempt to integrate plant movements into a biological perspective of behavior. Since antiquity, people have sought to explain plant movements via mechanical or physiological forces, and yet they also constructed analogies between plant and animal behavio...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.0900220
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED: PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Specific leaf area (SLA) is a critical component of the leaf economics spectrum, and many functional leaf traits have been empirically demonstrated to covary with SLA. However, a complete understanding of how change in leaf size influences SLA has not yet emerged. • METHODS:To help de...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1000118
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prior field studies have shown that populations of forest herbs on relatively nutrient poor soils have higher vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection intensity than plants on rich soils. However, the growth responses and ability to take up P against the soil nutrient gradient are often not linearly related to...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13579.x
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE:Woody plants with photosynthetic stems are common in the drylands of the world; however, we know little about the origin(s) and geographical distribution of photosynthetic stems. Therefore, we set to answer the following questions: (1) Is stem photosynthesis phylogenetically conserved? (2) Do green-stemmed and ...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/ajb2.1572
更新日期:2020-12-06 00:00:00
abstract::Very little is known regarding how repetitive elements evolve inpolyploid organisms. Here we address this subject by fluorescent insitu hybridization (FISH) of 20 interspersed repetitive elements tometaphase chromosomes of the cotton AD-genome tetraploid Gossypiumhirsutum and its putative A- and D-genome diploid ances...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Marchantia inflexa, a dioecious thallose liverwort, is sexually dimorphic in clonal expansion traits. We used selection analyses to measure the magnitude and direction of selection on clonal fitness to uncover possible mechanisms for the maintenance of preadult sexually dimorphic characters. We planted replicates of g...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.89.4.592
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Iris cristata and I. lacustris differ markedly in geographic distribution, glacial history of current ranges, and ecology. We hypothesized that I. cristata, a widespread species of unglaciated regions of eastern North America, would exhibit genetic diversity typical of other widespread plant species, whereas the threa...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aralia sect. Aralia (Araliaceae) consists of approximately eight species disjunctly distributed in Asia and North America. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses were conducted using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Aralia racemosa from eastern North America was siste...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wood, or secondary xylem, is composed mostly of three components-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Yet this apparent simplicity is deceiving because the sophisticated arrangement of the components on various structural levels, ranging from intricate molecular architecture to defined cellular arrangements to tissu...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.93.10.1433
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Morphology and development of the female flowers in Geonoma interrupta are described and compared with other taxa within Arecaceae. Inflorescences are pleiothyrses. Cincinni are immersed in pits and arranged according to the Fibonacci pattern along the rachillae. The gynoecium is composed of three free carpels in earl...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.220
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Drosera peltata var. nipponica, an element of the East Asia warm-temperate vegetation, and D. rotundifolia, a widely distributed boreal species, reach one of their northernmost and southernmost limits, respectively, on the Korean Peninsula. Because the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)-Holocene dynamics o...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1200486
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Both polyploidy and shifts in floral color have marked angiosperm evolution. Here, we investigate the biochemical basis of the novel and diverse floral phenotypes seen in allopolyploids in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) and examine the extent to which the merging of distinct genomes alters flavonoid pigmen...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.1600350
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Accurate estimates of inbreeding depression are necessary in order to predict the evolutionary dynamics of a population, but many studies estimate inbreeding depression based solely on components of female function such as fruit set, seed set, and seed quality. Because total fitness is achieved through both male and f...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.92.1.107
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Partial cambial mortality is a growth form that is characteristic of Pinus aristata trees. To better elucidate their cambial death pattern, tree size and aspect of cambial death data were gathered from three Pinus aristata forests in central Colorado, USA. Stripping frequency tended to be higher for larger diameter cl...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The evolutionary history of maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) is of general interest because of its economic and scientific importance. Here we show that many cellular traits described previously in developing caryopses of maize are also seen in its wild progenitor teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis). These features, ea...
journal_title:American journal of botany
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3732/ajb.0900059
更新日期:2009-10-01 00:00:00