Abstract:
:Studies have not previously reported the indirect cost burden of multiple sclerosis (MS) from an employer perspective. To compare annual indirect costs between privately insured US employees with MS and matched employee controls. A retrospective analysis of a privately insured claims database containing disability data from 17 US companies was conducted. Employees with >/=1 MS diagnosis (ICD-9-CM: 340.x) after 1 January 2002, aged 18-64 years, were selected. Employees with MS were matched by age and sex to employee controls without MS. All were required to have continuous health coverage 3 months before MS diagnosis (baseline) and 12 months after (study period). Main outcomes measures included study period annual indirect (disability and medically related absenteeism) costs. For completeness, we also included measures of direct (medical and drug) costs. Chi-squared tests were used to compare baseline co-morbidities and differences in indirect resource use (disability and medically related absenteeism) between employees with MS and controls. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for univariate comparisons of disability and medically related absenteeism days and associated annual indirect and direct costs between employees with MS and controls. Generalized linear models, controlling for differences in baseline characteristics, were used to estimate risk-adjusted annual costs for employees with MS and controls. Employees with MS (n = 989) averaged 44 years of age, and 66% were female. Compared with employee controls, employees with MS had significantly higher rates of mental health disorders, other neurological disorders and physical disorders measured by the Charlson Co-morbidity Index. Employees with MS were more likely to have short-term or long-term disability than employee controls (21.4% vs 5.2%, respectively; p < 0.0001), resulting in a higher mean number of disability days per year (29.8 vs 4.5; p < 0.0001). Employees with MS also had a higher rate of medically related absenteeism and associated absenteeism days than employee controls. On average, annual costs (year 2006 values) for disability were significantly higher for employees with MS ($US3868) than employee controls ($US414; p < 0.0001). Annual medically related absenteeism costs were also higher for employees with MS than for controls ($US1901 vs $US1003, respectively; p < 0.0001). On average, total annual indirect costs for employees with MS were $US5769 compared with $US1417 for controls (p < 0.0001). MS is a chronic and debilitating disease that poses a substantial employer burden in terms of medically related absenteeism and disability costs. Indirect costs of employees with MS were >4 times those of employee controls.
journal_name
Pharmacoeconomicsjournal_title
PharmacoEconomicsauthors
Ivanova JI,Birnbaum HG,Samuels S,Davis M,Phillips AL,Meletiche Ddoi
10.2165/11314700-000000000-00000subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-01-01 00:00:00pages
681-91issue
8eissn
1170-7690issn
1179-2027pii
5journal_volume
27pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Since the inception of the National Health Service in 1948, successive British governments have taken various measures to restrain the growth of the medicines bill. A total of 10 different measures have been introduced with very limited success. The most effective measures have been those directed at increasing the le...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199610030-00003
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Constipation is one of the most common digestive complaints. It is a symptom, not a disease. The subjectivity that this involves means that assessments of clinical epidemiology, socioeconomic costs and pharmacotherapy are difficult, since there is no definition of 'normal' bowel habit. Although constipation can affect...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199507010-00003
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for the relief of the symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sprains and strains, sports injuries and menstrual disorders, and have a small role in the management of patent ductus arteriosus in the neonate. In patients with RA, symptom...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199303020-00004
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lung cancer is among the top causes of cancer-related deaths. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors can increase progression-free survival compared with standard chemotherapy in patients with EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). OBJECTIVE:The aim o...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0305-8
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Health technology assessment has been increasingly used in China, having been legally mandated in 2019, to inform reimbursement decisions and price negotiations between the National Healthcare Security Administration and pharmaceutical companies around the price of new pharmaceuticals. The criteria currently...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00954-y
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clinical studies have shown that the combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) for patients with asthma is more effective than the use of ICS alone in equivalent or higher doses, as well as the use of other combinations. However, the relatively higher acquisit...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-200624100-00005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Cost is an issue when prescribing two drugs with equivalent efficacy. We compared the direct medical costs of topical brinzolamide 1% (twice a day or three times daily) with topical dorzolamide 2% (twice a day or three times daily) in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain in patients with ocular hypertension or p...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-200321030-00005
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proper economic evaluation involves comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both costs and outcome. This is difficult for general anaesthesia as there are few alternatives and measurement of outcome is difficult to define. All that is generally available is a cost description of different a...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00019053-199303020-00005
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::External genital warts (EGW) are a sexually transmitted infection caused by various strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Several studies have described the direct and indirect costs of EGW, while others have reported on the burden of EGW in terms of the impact on the quality of life (QOL) of patients. The arrival of...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11591170-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Of 1 346 700 total deaths each year in the US, an estimated 440 100 are smoking related, making it the leading preventable cause of premature death in the US. Despite the health and economic benefits of smoking cessation being well documented, reimbursement coverage for smoking cessation therapies is general...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200826060-00004
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with schizophrenia suffer numerous relapses and rehospitalizations that are associated with high direct and indirect medical expense. Suboptimal therapeutic efficacy and, in particular, problems with compliance are major factors leading to relapse. Atypical antipsychotic agents offer improved efficacy and a l...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523001-00004
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends regular physician follow-up and lipid testing to promote adherence with lipid-lowering medications. The objective of this study was to determine whether lipid tests and physician visits after treatment initiation are indeed associated with...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200422003-00003
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Assessing the societal perspective in economic evaluations of new interventions requires estimates of indirect non-medical costs caused by the disease. Different methods exist for measuring the labor input function as a surrogate for these costs. They rarely specify the effect of health on labor and who gain...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00978-4
更新日期:2020-11-25 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study provides the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis of levetiracetam as an adjunctive treatment for refractory epilepsy from the Canadian Ministry of Health perspective. The main objective is to estimate the expected cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as the incremental cost per seizure-free day...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523050-00008
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with AIDS. Over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-PCP medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. Recently, the US Food and Drug Admi...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199609060-00007
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most countries have healthcare resource constraints and it is easy to identify new health technologies as an area in need of resource management, particularly given that new health technologies usually increase rather than save costs. Resource constraints are even more noticeable in Asia than in other regions, with a ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11310280-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Darunavir boosted by low-dose ritonavir (DRV/r), at a daily dose of 600/100 mg twice a day (bid), has been shown to be superior to alternative highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens for the management of treatment-experienced, HIV-infected adults in the phase IIb POWER trials and the phase III TITAN tri...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11587410-000000000-00000
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several randomised comparative trials have shown that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces the duration of neutropenia, hospitalisation and intravenous antibacterial use in patients with cancer who are receiving high-dosage antineoplastic therapy. However, one area that has received less attention is ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199711060-00005
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of pharmacoeconomic tools has grown dramatically in the past decade as provision of healthcare throughout the industrialised world has required increased cost consciousness. However, pharmacoeconomic analysis has not yet been fully exploited as a conceptual underpinning for public or private health policy deci...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199916050-00001
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with impairment in multiple domains of health-related quality of life (HR-QOL). HR-QOL of children with ADHD has been assessed by relatively long multidimensional questionnaires. A review of the literature found no studies using t...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200523080-00004
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Over 200 million people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide. The number of disease-year equivalents and deaths attributable to COPD are high. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of the disease recommend an individualized step-up approach in which treatment is intensified when...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11589270-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate the potential savings in overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment costs for the US population with coronary artery disease (CAD) resulting from the use of amlodipine. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Using patient-level data from a retrospective analysis of the Prospective Evaluation of the Vascula...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00019053-200220080-00005
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) in cost-effectiveness analysis involves sampling a large number of realisations of an economic model. For some parameters, we may be uncertain around the true mean values of the variables, but the ordering of the values is known. Typical sampling approaches lack eithe...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0584-3
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current US drug innovation financing framework rests on the notion that a defined period of marketing exclusivity combined with the expectation of reimbursement for clinically valuable, cost-effective therapies, followed by vigorous price competition from generic drugs and biosimilars ensures a sufficient return o...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00926-2
更新日期:2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the CNS, typically striking adults during the primary productive time of their life. The symptoms of MS can restrict the individual's physical activity and income-earning ability, resulting in a major financial burden on the patient, family, health system and society. This syste...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2165/11532230-000000000-00000
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Within the framework of economic evaluations, the transferability of utility scores between jurisdictions remains unclear. The EQ-5D is a generic instrument for measuring health-related quality of life in economic evaluations, which can be used for comparing utility scores across countries. At present, the E...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/11314120-000000000-00000
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Economic factors are a limiting factor toward the implementation of many health programmes and interventions. Economic evaluation has a great potential to contribute toward cost-effective healthcare delivery in South Africa. Little is known about the characteristics and quality of health economic (including ...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11589450-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although decision making about what drugs to include in an institutional formulary appears to lend itself readily to quantitative techniques such as decision analysis and cost-benefit analysis, a review of the literature reveals that very little has been published in this area. Several of the published decision analy...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-199303060-00005
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deterministic sensitivity analyses (DSA) remain important to interpret the effect of uncertainties in individual parameters on results of cost-effectiveness analyses. Classic DSA methodologies may lead to wrong conclusions due to a lack of or misleading information regarding marginal effects, non-linearity, likelihood...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00979-3
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article explores the need to perform pharmacoeconomic evaluations of herbal medicines and assesses the extent to which this approach has been applied so far to these products. There seems to be no compelling need for pharmacoeconomic analyses of herbal over-the-counter medicines, but such analyses are certainly w...
journal_title:PharmacoEconomics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00019053-200018010-00001
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00