Abstract:
:Improved domestic animal productivity is necessary in order to provide for an increasing world population over the next two to three decades and such improvement would be aided by an increase in the efficiency of nutrient utilization. This can be achieved by conventional genetic selection protocols but progress by this approach is slow. A more rapid but as yet largely unproven technique is the direct modification of the genome which can be achieved by the transfer of recombinant DNA to the nuclei of early embryos. This new technology is potentially powerful because it allows the direct transfer of genes without regard to inter-species barriers to breeding. However, it raises a new set of problems associated with the integration and expression of the foreign genetic information in the new genome. In this review the application of the technology to increasing nutrient utilization and increased productivity are discussed. Two areas have received substantial attention in the 15 years since the technique was first applied to domestic animals. First, the current status of the modification of growth hormone levels to improve productivity and feed utilization efficiency is reviewed, with current results suggesting that several of the projects may soon be approaching field trial status. Second, the introduction of novel biochemical pathways to domestic animals to provide them with different sources of the substrates required for growth and production is discussed. Recent results obtained in the introduction of a cysteine biosynthetic pathway to animals is reviewed. While this line of research remains some distance from commercial application, it provides a useful example of the powerful possibilities inherent in the new technology. However, it also serves to highlight some of the difficulties that might be expected as new genes are expressed to produce enzymes that must fit compatibly with existing animal biochemistry.
journal_name
Nutr Res Revjournal_title
Nutrition research reviewsauthors
Ward KAdoi
10.1079/095442299108728893subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-06-01 00:00:00pages
179-99issue
1eissn
0954-4224issn
1475-2700pii
S0954422499000074journal_volume
12pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a key indicator of two main causes of death worldwide: CVD and diabetes. The present paper aimed to perform a review of the population-based research on the association of dietary patterns and the MetS in terms of methodology and findings. For the purpose of the present study, a scopin...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S095442241600007X
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The alarming prevalence of obesity has led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling energy homeostasis. Regulation of energy intake and expenditure is more complex than previously thought, being influenced by signals from many peripheral tissues. In this sense, a wide variety of peripheral sig...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422412000145
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The primary reason for processing maize is to enhance feeding value. Total tract starch digestion is similar for coarsely processed (dry rolled, cracked) dry maize. Enhancements in starch digestion due to dry rolling maize v. feeding maize whole may be greater in light-weight calves than in yearlings, and when DM inta...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422411000096
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cost of psychiatric illness to the UK economy was recently estimated at pound77 billion annually. Despite years of research no firm aetiological explanation exists, and with no physiological or biochemical markers diagnosis is made entirely on a behavioural basis. All current pharmacological therapies are associat...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR2006119
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ruminants are recognised to suffer from Cu-responsive disorders. Present understanding of Cu transport and metabolism is limited and inconsistent across vets and veterinary professionals. There has been much progress from the studies of the 1980s and early 1990s in cellular Cu transport and liver metabolism which has ...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422419000180
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sepsis is defined as the dysregulated host response to an infection resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. The metabolic demand from inefficiencies in anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction, increased cellular turnover, and free-radical damage result in the increased focus of micronutri...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422418000124
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The weaning transition is characterised by morphological, histological and microbial changes, often leading to weaning-associated disorders. These intestinal changes can partly be ascribed to the lack of luminal nutrition arising from the reduced feed intake common in pigs after weaning. It is increasingly becoming cl...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422411000047
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Health benefits for man have been associated with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and dairy products are highlighted as offering the best opportunity to increase CLA consumption. CLA is synthesised in the rumen as an intermediate in the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid to stearic acid. The supplies of both intermediat...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200121
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ultimate goal in the design of infant formula is to achieve the outcome seen in breast fed infants. This review of lipids in infant formulas for term infants begins by referring to the lipid composition of human milk, and relates that to differences in lipid digestion and metabolism which exist between breast fed ...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR19980018
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cognitive outcomes are frequently implemented as endpoints in nutrition research. To reduce the number of statistical comparisons it is commonplace for nutrition researchers to combine cognitive test results into a smaller number of broad cognitive abilities. However, there is a clear lack of understanding and consens...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422414000158
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::While medical nutrition therapy is an essential part of the care for critically ill patients, uncertainty exists about the right form, dosage, timing and route in relation to the phases of critical illness. As enteral nutrition (EN) is often withheld or interrupted during the intensive care unit (ICU) stay, combined E...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422420000165
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::CVD are the leading cause of death in women globally, with ageing associated with progressive endothelial dysfunction and increased CVD risk. Natural menopause is characterised by raised non-fasting TAG concentrations and impairment of vascular function compared with premenopausal women. However, the mechanisms underl...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422418000033
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A wide variety of nutritional exposures have been proposed as possible risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) with plausible biological hypotheses. Many studies have explored these hypotheses, but as yet no comprehensive systematic review of the literature has been available. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and WEB OF SCIENCE dat...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR2005108
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dietary isoflavones are thought to be cardioprotective due to their structural similarity to oestrogen. Oestrogen is believed to have beneficial effects on endothelial function and may be one of the mechanisms by which premenopausal women are protected against CVD. Decreased NO production and endothelial NO synthase a...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR2005101
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exercise causes a dramatic increase in energy requirements because of the metabolic needs of working muscles. Exercise-dependent factors regulate fuel use. Absolute exercise intensity determines the exercise-induced increase in energy demands, whereas exercise intensity relative to an individual's maximal aerobic capa...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200357
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transtheoretical model (TTM) is a behavioural theory that describes behaviour change as occurring in five stages, ranging from precontemplation to maintenance. The purpose of the present paper is to review and synthesise the literature published since 1999 on applications of the TTM to dietary behaviour so that th...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422407747881
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Prebiotics are non-digestible (by the host) food ingredients that have a beneficial effect through their selective metabolism in the intestinal tract. Key to this is the specificity of microbial changes. The present paper reviews the concept in terms of three criteria: (a) resistance to gastric acidity, hydrolysis by ...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200479
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the current post-antibiotic era, botanicals represent one of the most employed nutritional strategies to sustain antibiotic-free and no-antibiotic-ever production. Botanicals can be classified either as plant extracts, meaning the direct products derived by extraction from the raw plant materials (essential oils (E...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422420000013
更新日期:2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The availability of 'omics' technologies is transforming scientific approaches to physiological problems from a reductionist viewpoint to that of a holistic viewpoint. This is of profound importance in nutrition, since the integration of multiple systems at the level of gene expression on the synthetic side through to...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422407249698
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A food can be regarded as 'functional' if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way. Beyond adequate nutritional qualities, functional foods should either improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease. Functional foods that ar...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422409990187
更新日期:2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three areas in the brain continuously generate new neurons throughout life: the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles, the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the median eminence in the hypothalamus. These areas harbour neural stem cells, which contribute to neural repair by generating daughter cells that...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422416000081
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present review comes from the authors of the recent Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) review Update on Trans Fatty Acids and Health, and focuses on assessing the strength of the evidence for a link between trans-fatty acid (trans-FA) intake and cancer. It evaluates a range of human ecological, case...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422408110964
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::CVD affect a large proportion of the world's population, with dyslipidaemia as the major risk factor. The regular consumption of both probiotic bacteria and yeast has been associated with improvement in the serum lipid profile. Thus, the present review aims to describe and discuss the potential mechanisms responsible ...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422416000226
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homelessness is present in most societies and represents a situation in which the basic needs for survival including food are often limited. It is logical to surmise that the homeless person's diet is likely to be nutritionally deficient and yet there is a relative paucity in research regarding this issue with studies...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422416000068
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present review examines the importance of choline in dairy cow nutrition. Choline is an essential nutrient for mammals when excess methionine and folate are not available in the diet. The requirement for choline can be met by dietary choline and by transmethylation reactions. Two types of functions for choline are...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200247
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diet plays an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The growing perception that abnormal haemostatic processes of coagulation, platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis contribute to cardiovascular disease aetiology motivated this review on the relationships of diet, specific fo...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR19970007
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The demand for organic foods is constantly increasing mainly due to consumers' perception that they are healthier and safer than conventional foods. There is a need for information related to food safety to inform consumers of the health benefits and/or hazards of food products of both origins, in order to optimise th...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200361
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present review investigates the role of sleep and its alteration in triggering metabolic disorders. The reduction of the amount of time sleeping has become an endemic condition in modern society and the current literature has found important associations between sleep loss and alterations in nutritional and metabo...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0954422407810651
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The micro-organisms which inhabit the human gut (i.e. the intestinal microbiota) influence numerous human biochemical pathways and physiological functions. The present review focuses on two questions, 'Are intestinal microbiota effects measurable and meaningful?' and 'What research methods and variables are influenced...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0954422419000076
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Wine polyphenols are considered to have beneficial effects on CHD and atherosclerosis. The consumption of red wine is high in Italy and France, approximately four times greater than that in the UK. This disparity in red wine consumption is thought to be the reason for the 'French paradox', where France was shown to ha...
journal_title:Nutrition research reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1079/NRR200482
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00