Abstract：
:Spasticity is one of the most common symptoms presented by neurologic patients. Apart from surgical management, drug therapy is an important treatment of children suffering from spasticity. In this review, recent advances in the pharmacologic armamentarium are reported in detail. In particular, there are oral medications (benzodiazepines, baclofen, dantrolene sodium, alpha 2 adrenergic agonists) and parenteral medications (botulinum toxin type A and B, alcohol). Moreover, there is also baclofen that can be administered intrathecally. There are some reports supporting the use of intramuscular alcohol (45% and/or 5-7% phenol) to reduce spasticity without the loss of voluntary movement or loss of sensation. Among these drugs, intrathecal baclofen is one of the most effective substances that can reduce spasticity significantly in the upper and lower extremities. Finally, the effectiveness of therapy with botulinum toxin type A in the management of spasticity is analyzed. Botulinum toxin type A reduces hypertonia in the injected muscles for a period of 2 to 4 months without important side effects. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of available oral and parenteral drugs for treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy and to outline indications and contraindications.
journal_name
Pediatr Neuroljournal_title
Pediatric neurologyauthors
Verrotti A,Greco R,Spalice A,Chiarelli F,Iannetti Pdoi
10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.001subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-01-01 00:00:00pages
1-6issue
1eissn
0887-8994issn
1873-5150pii
S0887-8994(05)00252-3journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Hypomelanosis of Ito has been associated with precocious puberty in two cases. This study reports a third case involving a female with hypomelanosis of Ito including severe mental retardation and seizure disorder with autonomic symptoms (gastroesophageal reflux and asthma). At age 5 she developed vaginal discharge, th...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.06.004
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An optimal botulinum toxin dose may be related to the volume of the targeted muscle. We investigated the suitability of using ultrasound and anthropometry to estimate gastrocnemius and soleus muscle volume. Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle thickness was measured in 11 cadaveric human legs, using ultrasound. Lower leg l...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.05.019
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traumatic spinal epidural hematoma (TSEH) is rare in children. Only three cases of TSEH were documented in the pediatric literature. This clinical note presents an infant with TSEH but no risk factors. Without magnetic resonance imaging examination, children with TSEH and minor symptoms may be missed and under reporte...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(00)00151-x
更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Pediatric critical care survivors often suffer persisting multisystem health problems and are left with treatment needs that go unmet due to limits in current care models. We proposed that integration of neuropsychology into neurocritical care follow-up provides incremental benefit to the identification and ...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.09.007
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke can occur in the setting of pediatric trauma, particularly those with head or neck injuries. The risk of stroke appears highest within the first two weeks after trauma. Stroke diagnosis may be challenging due to lack of awareness or concurrent injuries limiting detailed neurological ass...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.12.009
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumefactive demyelinating lesions may be misdiagnosed as brain neoplasms or abscesses. In this paper, we present four cases of pediatric tumefactive demyelination. Twelve cases of pediatric tumefactive demyelination previously reported in the English literature are also summarized. We describe the neuroimaging charact...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00322-8
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to predict long-term neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes in 22 children, ages 1 week to 14 years at the time of traumatic brain injury, was investigated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy acquired post injury and compared with standardized neurologic, intellectual, and neuropsychologic testi...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00491-5
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rapidly progressive, degenerative neuromuscular disease of infancy. In severe SMA, weakness, hypotonia, and bulbar involvement lead to progressive respiratory insufficiency and swallowing dysfunction, which are frequently complicated by aspirations. There are few studies repor...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00227-0
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present report concerns a vertically human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected 7-year-old child, in whom a neurodegenerative disease occurred after an acute neurologic disorder that was in all likelihood symptomatic of HIV-1 encephalitis. At the steady state the neurologic disease fulfilled the accepted...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(98)00147-7
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most common clinical syndromes associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria are presented. In some patients these syndromes are multisystemic, progressive disorders of unknown etiology. Tissues deriving significant energy through oxidative metabolism (notably brain and cardiac muscle) are most often affected and in...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0887-8994(93)90046-f
更新日期：1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Although cerebral palsy is reported to have a higher prevalence in low-resource settings, there are few studies describing risk factors for cerebral palsy in these settings. A better understanding of the unique risk factors affecting children with cerebral palsy in low-resource settings could optimize both r...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.014
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Methylphenidate (MPH) effects on global and complex measures of electroencephalography were examined in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder between the ages of 9 and 11 years. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected separately from the administration of a continuous performance task and were eval...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00052-1
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Spinal teratomas are extremely rare; they constitute <0.5% of all spinal cord tumors. These rare tumors have nonspecific manifestations but in most cases are accompanied by neurological deficits. Rupture of a mature teratoma can cause chemical meningitis. PATIENT DESCRIPTION:A 7-year-old boy presented wit...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.02.005
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study is to further clarify ictal electroencephalographic findings of patients with benign partial epilepsy in infancy in order to better understand its neurophysiologic features. The study group consisted of 13 infants with definite benign partial epilepsy in infancy, in whom ictal electroencephalogra...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.08.004
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring often detects nonconvulsive seizures in critically ill children, but it is resource-intense and has not been demonstrated to improve outcomes. As institutions develop clinical pathways for monitoring, they should consider how seemingly minor variations may exert substantia...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.12.009
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We sought a simple and accurate method to monitor neonatal hydrocephalic infants using standard computed tomographic scans. Volume measurements were made by means of pixel counting using a personal computer and a drawing device, as a graphic tablet system, over computed tomographic scans of six infants with neonatal h...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(03)00401-6
更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Ring chromosome 20 is a genetic disorder characterized by intractable epilepsy, behavioral problems, and cognitive deficit. The potassium channel-coding gene KCNQ2 is localized at the locus q13.3 on the chromosome 20, the most common site where the ring occurs. Ezogabine is the first potassium channel opener...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.06.005
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 16-month-old girl with a history of Prader-Willi syndrome and progressive macrocephaly manifested large, bilateral, subdural hemorrhages of differing ages on magnetic resonance imaging. Subsequent evaluation revealed a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, but after repeated evaluations, no conclusive evidence of non...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.03.011
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We describe a case of female Becker muscular dystrophy with 45,X/46,X,r(X), carrying an out-of-frame deletion in a nonhot-spot region of the DMD gene. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction did not detect the deletion, because the deleted exons 31-42 comprise a nonhot-spot region, and the product for exon 43 was detected...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.05.002
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Central nervous system tumors occur considerably less often in the fetus and neonate than in the older child. They are not entirely the same as those present later in life. Their location, biologic behavior, response to therapy, and histologic types are different. Fetal and neonatal brain tumors (n = 250) were collect...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00459-9
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Throughout the Middle Ages, most representations of the brain amounted to highly schematized ventricles housed within abstract squiggles of neural tissue. The works by the pre-eminent Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius in his De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) added considerably more accuracy and detail; stil...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.07.004
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:High-risk infant follow-up programs provide early identification and referral for treatment of neurodevelopmental delays and impairments. In these programs, a standardized neurological examination is a critical component of evaluation for clinical and research purposes. METHODS:To address primary challenges...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.09.010
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the clinical characteristics of children with continuous spike waves during slow-wave sleep syndrome and their treatment response to levetiracetam. Five boys and one girl, diagnosed with epilepsy with continuous spike waves during slow-wave sleep syndrome, were enrolled. Their clinical characteristics,...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.04.007
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Abnormalities of early motor development have been reported in autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual developmental disorder, developmental coordination disorder, and other Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations (ESSENCE). Howe...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.008
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to evaluate the added utility of gadolinium administration in the magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of developmental delay in children less than 2 years of age. A computerized retrospective study identified all brain magnetic resonance imaging examinations using gadolinium performed at ou...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.02.014
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:A single-center, single-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was performed to test the null hypothesis that adrenocorticotropic hormone is not superior to high-dose prednisolone for treatment of newly diagnosed West syndrome. METHODS:Newly diagnosed infants with West syndrome were randomized to r...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.05.004
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 8-year-old boy was diagnosed with autism, along with development delay, seizures, and hypoplastic corpus callosum. His karyotype was 47, XY, +mar.ish (15) (D15Z1+, SNRPN+, GABRB3+, PML-(de novo?). The supernumerary marker chromosome 15 with euchromatin was monosatellited and monocentric. Although autism, seizures, ...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.004
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Nuclear polymerase gamma (POLG) mutations are the most common cause of inherited mitochondrial disease. POLG mutation diseases have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations; the lethal infantile form is myocerebrohepatopathy spectrum. PATIENT:A 4-month-old boy was referred for poor feeding, emesis, failu...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.06.015
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Medical child abuse occurs when a child receives unnecessary and harmful, or potentially harmful, medical care at the instigation of a caretaker through exaggeration, falsification, or induction of symptoms of illness in a child. Neurological manifestations are common with this type of maltreatment. OBJECTI...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.010
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rapid eye movement sleep distribution changes during development, but little is known about rapid eye movement latency variation in childhood by age, sex, or pathologic sleep states. We hypothesized that: (1) rapid eye movement latency would differ in normal children by age, with a younger cohort (1-10 years) demonstr...
journal_title：Pediatric neurology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.06.011
更新日期：2008-09-01 00:00:00
