Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential to maintain the efficacy of many immunosuppressant drugs while minimizing their toxicity. TDM has become more refined with the development of new monitoring techniques and more specific assays. OBJECTIVE:This article summarizes current data on TDM of the following immunosuppressant drugs used in organ transplantation: cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. METHODS:Published data were identified by a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature through March 2001 using the terms therapeutic drug monitoring, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. Relevant conference abstracts were also included. RESULTS:TDM of cyclosporine has been well studied, and recent findings indicate that monitoring of drug levels 2 hours after dosing is a more sensitive predictor of outcome than trough (C0) monitoring. C0 levels are being used more widely in TDM of tacrolimus; however, the relationship between C0 and area under the curve has varied widely in clinical trials, with correlations ranging from 0.11 to 0.92. The use of TDM of sirolimus, everolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil is evolving rapidly. CONCLUSIONS:TDM of immunosuppressant drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index is an increasingly useful tool for minimizing drug toxicity while maximizing prevention of graft loss and organ rejection.
journal_name
Clin Therjournal_title
Clinical therapeuticsauthors
Kahan BD,Keown P,Levy GA,Johnston Adoi
10.1016/s0149-2918(02)85038-xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-03-01 00:00:00pages
330-50; discussion 329issue
3eissn
0149-2918issn
1879-114Xpii
S0149-2918(02)85038-Xjournal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite favorable evidence from clinical trials for single-dose palonosetron versus other commercially available 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), clinical comparative data are scarce from hospital outpatient settings, where these antiemetic ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.04.009
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This paper examines the rationale for using direct thrombin inhibitors in the management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). BACKGROUND:With traditional management of ACS using aspirin and unfractionated heparin (UH), refractory angina and new myocardial infarction (MI) continue to develop. Growing understandi...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/S0149-2918(00)80065-X
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Patient counseling is an important aspect of family planning. Patient choice, compliance, and satisfaction with a contraceptive method depend heavily on the counseling experience. This is especially true in the United Kingdom where contraceptives are provided to patients at no direct cost to them. Women are therefore ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(96)80187-1
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Asthma is a common chronic disorder of childhood, and it is frequently accompanied by dental and other oral abnormalities. As such, oral and dental effects of asthma medications have been investigated in several studies. However, the effect of combination therapy with a long-acting beta(2)-agonist and a cort...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.10.014
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Antimicrobial prophylaxis in select neutropenic patients has reduced fever, infection rates, hospital length of stay, and hospitalization rates. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend the consideration of prophylaxis with a fluoroquinolone in patients at high risk for infection ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.04.013
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Self-care with over-the-counter (OTC) medicines has evolved from the "dark ages" of patent medicine manufacture and sale to a modern era of new drug development involving prescription-to-OTC switch. This evolution is largely due to the OTC Review, which placed science at the cornerstone of safety, effectiveness, and l...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(98)80018-0
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A phase II study of weekly low-dose doxorubicin (6 to 12 mg/m2) showed it to be an effective, well-tolerated therapy in advanced breast cancer. Although most of the 34 patients studied had been clinically resistant to previous endocrine measures and/or other kinds of chemotherapy, had a median score of 60 on Karnofsky...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The emergence of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, has led to the revival of the systemic use of antimicrobial agent colistin in critically ill patients, but only limited data are available to define its pharmacokinetic profile in these pati...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.01.015
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Most patients with hypertension in the United States and Europe fail to achieve the recommended target blood pressure (BP) of <140/90 mm Hg. Combination therapy is required in approximately two thirds of all patients whose BP is >20/10 mm Hg above the goal. Combination therapy with agents having complementar...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.02.003
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews the drugs used in the treatment of childhood asthma (bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents) from the perspective of their safety and clinical tolerability. Adverse events observed in adults are likely to be seen to a greater degree in children and adolescents for many types of antiasthma dr...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Avanafil is a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor being developed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. OBJECTIVE:This study was conducted to meet Korean regulatory requirements for the marketing of avanafil. To this end, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of single and multiple oral ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.06.011
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Physiologic changes of aging may affect processes of drug absorption and distribution, in some cases necessitating age-dependent dose adjustment. OBJECTIVE:The possibility of age dependence in the pharmacokinetic behavior and tolerability of levormeloxifene was investigated in a single-center, open-label st...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80030-8
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Chest pain is a common emergency department (ED) presentation that is often unexplained. Recent evidence suggests that disease of the microvessels (arterioles) as opposed to the coronary artery (conduit artery) could explain one third of these cases, particularly in women. Brachial artery reactivity (BAR) is a ...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.12.010
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Southern California region Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, which serves 2.2 million patients, and the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy have designed and implemented a patient consultation study to determine the cost-effectiveness of three different approaches to providing pharmacist con...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0149-2918(95)80077-8
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been steadily increasing worldwide. AD is a serious disease that has both societal and economic impacts. The greatest risk factor for AD is aging. Thus, because of the rapidly aging population in Japan, the development of new, effective drugs for AD is urgently need...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.024
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Metastatic bone disease is a serious clinical problem in patients with advanced cancer. Bisphosphonates inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and are the treatment of choice for bone metastases. OBJECTIVE:This article reviews the efficacy and safety data from Phase III trials of ibandronate in metastatic bone...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2004.12.010
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Efavirenz exhibits high interindividual variability in plasma concentrations, leading to unpredictable efficacy and toxicity. Polymorphism of CYP2B6 516G > T has been found to predominantly contribute to efavirenz variability. However, dosage recommendations incorporating CYP2B6 516G > T polymorphism have not b...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.04.013
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Since its implementation in 2006, Medicare Part D has evolved from a program that offered basic access to covered drugs for beneficiaries to one that has the potential to affect patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this article was to highlight key research findings on Medicare Part D published in 20...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.02.024
更新日期：2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One hundred sixteen children between 2 and 15 years of age entered a clinical trial of albendazole after examination of their stools revealed ova of one or more intestinal helminths. The drug was administered as a single 400-mg dose (20 ml of 2% suspension) to all the patients except those having Hymenolepis nana infe...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:During the past decade, there has been some progress in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Current evidence supports the use of various second-generation, or atypical, antipsychotic medications, although few of these agents have been associated with long-term efficacy and tole...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.021
更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 128 corticosteroid-independent adults with chronic allergic asthma were treated for six weeks with 400 micrograms/day of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol. Most patients (114 or 89%) had a good to excellent response, characterized by a marked improvement in the signs and symptoms of asthma. Substantial im...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The recommended first-line treatment for young children infected with HIV includes the liquid formulation of the co-formulated protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra® [Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois]). Clinical reports indicate that some children readily accept the taste of Kaletra, whereas ot...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.08.012
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A total of 804 pediatric patients (572 neonates and 232 infants and children) with suspected or documented serious infections were enrolled in a multicenter open study of netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside. All patients were evaluable for safety; 161 (20%) had bacteriologically documented infections and we...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Apixaban (5 mg BID), dabigatran (available as 150 mg and 110 mg BID in Europe), and rivaroxaban (20 mg once daily) are 3 novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) currently approved for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effect...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.12.011
更新日期：2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:This study was undertaken to examine the dose-response relationship of zafirlukast (5 to 40 mg BID) and to assess the efficacy and tolerability of the 10-mg BID dose in school-aged children with mild to moderate asthma. BACKGROUND:The efficacy and tolerability of zafirlukast, an oral leukotriene-receptor ant...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/S0149-2918(00)90007-9
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is an allergen-induced inflammatory reaction that occurs during periods of high pollen count. Current treatments for SAR include allergen avoidance, systemic antihistamines, and steroidal and nonsteroidal intranasal sprays. Olopatadine is a selective antihistamine and an inhi...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.016
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Our purpose was to determine satisfaction and confidence of the Ixcellence Network training program on health care practitioners using botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for neurologic disorders, including spastic paresis and cervical dystonia. METHODS:The Ixcellence Network training program was designed by a scientif...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.09.007
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:The primary study objective was to assess the time course and intensity of sedation after administration of immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (XR) quetiapine fumarate in healthy subjects during dose initiation. The tolerability of the 2 formulations was also evaluated. METHODS:This was a randomize...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.03.002
更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy are at high risk for postoperative emetic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and retching). Antihistamines, butyrophenones, dopamine receptor antagonists, and selective serotonin receptor antagonists (SSRAs) have been investigated for the preve...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验,收录出版
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90177-4
更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Outside the experimental environment of clinical trials, the tolerability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and the angiotensin II antagonist losartan has not been compared. OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to estimate, in current clinical practice...
journal_title：Clinical therapeutics
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80021-7
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
