Abstract：
:Raccoons have been widely used for neurobiological research and with respect to paw (hand) use have been 'considered' to be primates because they display highly developed skilled hand use. Their exceptional manipulatory ability is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective both because they belong to a taxon that is divergent from primates and because most members of their taxon are not especially skilled. Surprisingly, there has been no systematic investigation of their manipulatory ability. This was the purpose of the present study. Captive and zoo-housed raccoons were video recorded during food handling in a wide variety of conditions and the video records were subjected to descriptive frame-by-frame analysis aided by the use of Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation (EWMN). The results confirm that raccoons display good manual skills in food finding, grasping and handling. Like primates, they use vision to identify and reach for objects, but additionally they make extensive use of haptically controlled movements. Unlike primates, they do not have a true convergent hand as it has limited flexive properties. Objects are grasped between the digits or between the apical digit and distal palmar pads. Manipulation of objects consisted of rolling the object between the palms of both hands, with little or no digit movement. Finally, although they can make unimanual reaching movements, they make extensive use of a bimanual reaching strategy. These results suggest that raccoons are like primates in that they display visual guidance of reaching, but are similar to other carnivores in that they do not use convergent grasping and digit manipulation and frequently use bimanual grasping. The results, consistent with a growing body of information on skilled use in mammals, including marsupials and rodents, suggest that raccoons are specialised, but not special.
journal_name
Behav Brain Resjournal_title
Behavioural brain researchauthors
Iwaniuk AN,Whishaw IQdoi
10.1016/s0166-4328(98)00067-9subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-02-15 00:00:00pages
35-44issue
1eissn
0166-4328issn
1872-7549pii
S0166-4328(98)00067-9journal_volume
99pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Although both the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) have been demonstrated to be critical for response inhibition, there is still considerable disagreement over the roles they play in the process. In the present study, we investigated the causal relations of the pre-SMA ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.024
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of adrenalectomy and chronic corticosterone treatment on sexual behavior in the ovariectomized female rat were investigated. The serotonergic type 2A (5-HT2A) receptor-mediated behavior 'wet dog shakes' (WDS) was measured concurrently. In Experiment 1, adrenalectomy reduced the frequency of WDS following t...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00046-7
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the primary motor cortex (M1), rhythmic activity in the gamma frequency band has been found during movement planning, onset and execution. Although the role of high-gamma oscillatory activity in M1 is well established, the contribution of low-gamma activity is still unexplored. In this study, transcranial alternati...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112170
更新日期：2019-12-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Across species, greater cortical gyrification, or folding of the cortex, has been shown to be associated with higher cognitive abilities and is thought to reflect an evolutionary process aimed at maximizing the number of cerebral computational units while minimizing the energy and communication costs of larger brains....
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.018
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Progression through neuronal loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) with Parkinson's disease depends on various protein post-translational modifications mainly comprising ubiquitination. Although many ubiquitination sites have been identified through site-specific methods, systematic quantitative proteomic anal...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112436
更新日期：2020-02-17 00:00:00
abstract：:The core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. Mouse models with behavioral phenotypes relevant to these core symptoms offer an experimental approach to advance the investigation of genes associated...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.025
更新日期：2010-12-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Cocaine dependence has been associated with deficits in white matter (WM) integrity. Nevertheless, what happens to WM integrity after long-term abstinence is not fully understood. To bridge this gap, changes in WM integrity were examined with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) applied to 39 participants: 12 participants w...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112388
更新日期：2020-02-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease that is highly comorbid with depression. Gut dysfunction has been proposed as a possible risk factor for both clinical conditions. In the present study, we investigated the ability of treadmill exercise for 4 weeks (5 days/week, 40 min/day) to counterac...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112791
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The relevance of adult neurogenesis in hippocampal function is well documented, as is the potential impact stress has on the adult neurogenic niche. Adult born neurons are generated from neural precursors in the dentate gyrus (DG), although the point in postnatal development that these cell precursors originate is not...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.013
更新日期：2015-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders worldwide. Currently, the main anti-anxiety drugs, selective serotonin/noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs/SNRIs), are always associated with delayed onset of action and low therapeutic response rate. Benzodiazepines can produce rapid effects, but their long-term ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113050
更新日期：2021-02-26 00:00:00
abstract：:The senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8) is a useful murine model of accelerated aging and learning deficiency. We examined bindings of [3H]pirenzepine, [3H]dizocilpine (MK-801), [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutylate (PDBu) in SAMP8 brains, and comp...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(97)86045-7
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To clarify the behavioral characteristics of rats neonatally treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), their performance on 4 aversive learning tasks, 3 active (shuttle, one-way, and rearing) avoidance tasks and one passive (step-through) avoidance task, was examined. On days 2 and 4 after birth, each rat of F344/Du st...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(95)00148-4
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The sublenticular central extended amygdala (SLEAc), which is important in medial forebrain bundle (MFB) self-stimulation, is heavily populated with GABAergic medium spiny neurons that intercommunicate via local axon collaterals. This study examines the role of GABAergic communication in the SLEAc in MFB self-stimulat...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.001
更新日期：2008-03-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, one of three human apoE (h-apoE) isoforms, has been identified as a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and for cognitive deficits associated with aging. However, the biological mechanisms involving apoE in learning and memory processes are unclear. A potential isoform-dependent ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.008
更新日期：2008-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Physical exercise could be a protective factor against the development of substance use disorders; however, a number of preclinical studies report reward-enhancing effects of exercise for various drugs of abuse. We examined the effects of chronic wheel-running on brain reward sensitivity, reaction to novelty, reward-f...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112831
更新日期：2020-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Low concentrations of ovarian hormones, among other factors, are associated with greater vulnerability to negative effects of environmental stressors and may trigger anxiety symptoms in females. The flavonoid chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) exerts anxiolytic-like effects in male and ovariectomized female rats, but it i...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112952
更新日期：2021-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Proper understanding of motor control requires insight into the extent and manner in which task performance and control strategy are influenced by various aspects of visual information. We therefore systematically manipulated the visual presentation (i.e., scaling factor and optical flow density) of a visuomotor track...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.056
更新日期：2017-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Here we sought to define behavioural traits linked to anxiety, reward, and exploration in different strains of rats commonly used in obesity research. We hypothesized that genetic variance may contribute not only to their metabolic phenotype (that is well documented) but also to the expression of these behavioural tra...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.037
更新日期：2017-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:A rat model of novelty-seeking phenotype predicts vulnerability to nicotine relapse where locomotor reactivity to novelty is used to rank high (HR) versus low (LR) responders. Present study investigates implication of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the basolateral (BLA) and the central (CeA) nuclei of amygdala in be...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.015
更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Xenin is a gut hormone that reduces food intake by partly acting through the hypothalamus via neurotensin receptor 1 (Ntsr1). However, specific signaling pathways that mediate xenin-induced feeding suppression are not fully understood. Activation of Ntsr1 leads to the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated k...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.026
更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Esthetic experience is a unique, affectively colored, self-transcending subject-object relationship in which cognitive processing is felt to flow differently than during everyday experiences. Notwithstanding previous multidisciplinary investigations, how esthetic experience modulates perception is still obscure. We us...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.041
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous work from our lab has demonstrated that experience with high-intensity sweeteners in rats leads to increased food intake, body weight gain and adiposity, along with diminished caloric compensation and decreased thermic effect of food. These changes may occur as a result of interfering with learned relations b...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.024
更新日期：2012-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent studies have shown that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) lesions impair performance on a number of rodent tests of attention. Although this evidence clearly suggests a role for the rat mPFC in attentional functions, it is unclear whether subcortical changes associated with mPFC lesions might also be relevant to ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00229-2
更新日期：2003-01-06 00:00:00
abstract：:Motor cortex stimulation oriented by functional cortical mapping is used mainly for treating otherwise intractable neurological disorders, however, its mechanism of action remains elusive. Herein, we present a new method for functional mapping of the rat motor cortex using non-invasive transdural electrical stimulatio...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.018
更新日期：2009-08-24 00:00:00
abstract：:A crucial issue in treating opiate addiction, a chronic relapsing disorder, is to maintain a drug-free abstinent state. Prolonged abstinence associates with mood disorders, strongly contributing to relapse. In particular, substance use disorders occurring during adolescence predispose to depression later in adulthood....
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.049
更新日期：2013-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of histamine in brain function has been studied using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) deficient male mice. As the effects of HDC deficiency on brain function might be sex-dependent, we behaviorally analyzed Hdc(-/-) and control female mice. Compared to female control mice, Hdc(-/-) female mice showed hypoactivi...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2005.10.016
更新日期：2006-03-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a polyphenol-rich extract (PrB) of Vaccinium angustifolium (wild blueberries) introduced intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 30 (PrB30) and 60 (PrB60) mg/kg body weight for 7 days, on cognitive performance, brain oxidative status and acetylcholinesterase activity in adult, ma...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.013
更新日期：2009-03-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Male and female C57BL/6 J mice were tested on the predator odor response task, where they needed to cross through a chamber of scented bedding to reach a sucrose reward. Following the behavioral testing, mouse brains were immunohistochemically labeled for expression of the immediate early gene c-fos. In the presence o...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112467
更新日期：2020-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Unilateral microinjections of bethanechol chloride into the CA3 subfield of the dorsal hippocampus in unrestrained rats produced a seizure-related type behavioural and disseminated brain damage syndrome. Injection of bethanechol in the dose of 50 micrograms resulted in locomotor activation, mouth movements, teeth chat...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0166-4328(83)90026-8
更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was designed to investigate the possible role of perinatal androgens acting via the androgen receptor, as opposed to the estrogen receptor, for the differentiation of adult mounting and lordosis behavior in female rats. Female Wistar (W) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to the anti-androgen ...
journal_title：Behavioural brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80238-4
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
