Abstract:
:Renewed interest in vancomycin over the past decade has led to an abundance of data concerning the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin, and its dosage selection and concentration-response relationships. No definitive data exist that correlate vancomycin serum concentrations with clinical outcomes. However, inconsistencies in sampling times for peak serum concentrations and differences in infusion times make interpreting vancomycin serum concentrations difficult. Furthermore, the evidence implicating vancomycin as a cause of oto- or nephrotoxicity is circumstantial, and these adverse effects may occur only in high-risk populations. Owing to the variability in its dose-serum concentration relationship and multicompartmental pharmacokinetics, several methodologies have been developed for instituting and adjusting vancomycin dosages. Nomograms rely on a fixed volume of distribution and the relationship between vancomycin clearance and creatinine clearance. Since both of these factors may be altered in certain populations, dosage methodologies (both traditional and Bayesian) that use population- or patient-specific pharmacokinetic data perform better than standard nomograms for initiating vancomycin therapy. Controversy still exists as to whether a 1- or a 2-compartment model is more appropriate for making dosage adjustments; however, steady-state rather than non-steady-state vancomycin serum concentrations should be used for dosage adjustments. Certain pathophysiological states such as age, bodyweight and renal function contribute to altered pharmacokinetics and may alter the design of the dosage regimen. Since no definitive relationship exists between vancomycin serum concentrations and either clinical outcome or adverse effects, considerable controversy surrounds the utility of monitoring serum vancomycin concentrations. Therefore, routine vancomycin serum concentration monitoring may be warranted only in specific populations, such as patients receiving concurrent aminoglycoside therapy or those receiving higher than usual dosages of vancomycin, patients undergoing haemodialysis and patients with rapidly changing renal function.
journal_name
Clin Pharmacokinetjournal_title
Clinical pharmacokineticsauthors
Leader WG,Chandler MH,Castiglia Mdoi
10.2165/00003088-199528040-00005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-04-01 00:00:00pages
327-42issue
4eissn
0312-5963issn
1179-1926journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To obtain a pharmacokinetic profile of cyclosporin microemulsion formulation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS:58 consecutive patients (19 women and 39 men), aged 16 to 64 years (mean age 38 years), with a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (29 patients) or Crohn's disease (...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200140060-00006
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Taurolidine is known to have antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, at lower concentrations, it has been found to exert a selective antineoplastic effect in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of taurolidine in vivo following repeated intravenous infus...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200746060-00005
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a considerable range in the dose of many drugs that is required to produce a given pharmacological effect in an individual patient. This individual variation in dose requirement is sometimes reflected in the wide scatter in the steady state plasma concentration that follows the same oral dose of a drug given ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-197702010-00004
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Following administration of equivalent oral doses (30mg) of either prednisone or prednisolone to 5 patients with chronic active liver disease who had failed to respond to therapy, 5 patients with chronic active liver disease in remission induced by prednisone, and 7 healthy volunteers, corticosteroid concentrations we...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-198207050-00005
更新日期:1982-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapid drug delivery (arterial "boli') and high drug concentrations occur with nicotine inhaled in smoke. These are believed to be key elements in producing addiction to cigarettes. Preparations which reduce the rate of delivery and/or concentration of nicotine have been introduced as treatments for smoking cessation. ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199631010-00005
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD52 and causes depletion of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, and NK cells. Alemtuzumab is registered for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and is also used in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Alemtuzumab is used off-label in kidney transplantation as ind...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0573-x
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:NXY-059 (disufenton sodium, Cerovive, a nitrone with neuroprotective and free radical trapping properties (in experimental stroke) is under development for the treatment of acute stroke. The objectives of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for NXY-059 in acute stroke...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.2165/00003088-200544080-00007
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than one billion people, mainly living in developing countries. For most of these NTDs, treatment is suboptimal. To optimize treatment regimens, clinical pharmacokinetic studies are required where they have not been previously conducted to enable the use of ph...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0467-3
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vigabatrin is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is supplied as a racemic mixture, with the S(+) enantiomer possessing pharmacological activity. [R,S]-Vigabatrin plasma concentrations can be estimated using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Only g...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199223040-00003
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Numerous population pharmacokinetic (PK) models of tacrolimus in adult transplant recipients have been published to characterize tacrolimus PK and facilitate dose individualization. This study aimed to (1) investigate clinical determinants influencing tacrolimus PK, and (2) identify areas requ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00922-x
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that the minimum effective serum clozapine concentration for an acceptable clinical response (threshold value) is about 400 micrograms/L. This article argues against the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) as a tool to obtain clozapine concentrations of > or = 400 micrograms/L in the individ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199834060-00005
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, the importance of applying pharmacokinetic principles to the design of drug regimens has been increasingly recognised by clinicians. From the perspective of antimicrobial chemotherapy, an improvement in clinical outcome and/or a reduction in toxicity are of primary interest. Before applicati...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199937010-00001
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remain life-threatening disorders associated with high morbidity and mortality, despite advances in treatment over the last decade. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation via P2Y(12) receptors plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ACS. The current standard of treatmen...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11630960-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs have been well described in experimental animal models; however, only minimal data exist for humans and the current knowledge regarding the effects of diabetes on these properties remains unclear. Nevertheless, it has been observed ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/11631900-000000000-00000
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although activity of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (CYPs) plays a major role in the fate of anticancer agents in patients, there are relatively few clinical studies that evaluate drug metabolism with therapeutic outcome. Nevertheless, many clinical reports in various non-oncology fields have shown the dramatic importance...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200544040-00002
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite contributing significantly to the burden of global disease, the translation of new treatment strategies for diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) from animals to humans remains challenging, with a high attrition rate in the development of CNS drugs. The failure of clinical trials for CNS therapies can b...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0632-y
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of in-depth knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of a drug is evident because pharmacokinetic behaviour may correlate with activity and toxicity. The most elaborate pharmacokinetic investigation is a so-called mass balance study employing a radioactive tracer. A mass balance study investigates the plasm...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200645010-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The alignment of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic departments with drug discovery has not produced a radical improvement in the pharmacokinetic properties of new chemical entities. The reason for this is complex, reflecting in part the difficulty of combining potency, selectivity, water solubility, metabolic stabil...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-200241130-00001
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Abemaciclib, a dual inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, has demonstrated clinical activity in a number of different cancer types. The objectives of this study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics of abemaciclib in cancer patients using population pharmacokinetic (popPK) modelin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0559-8
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:To assess the influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection and the extent of liver fibrosis on lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients without liver function impairment. METHODS:Cross-sectional, comparative study enrolling HIV-infected adults receiving lopinavir/rito...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200746010-00005
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and relevant analytes in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer and hepatic impairment. METHODS:Patients were enrolled in three independent parallel cohort...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0496-y
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Renal impairment may have a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Ad hoc studies in subjects with renal impairment are required by the regulatory authorities to propose dose adjustments in these subjects, to find a dosing regimen able to provide a systemic exposure similar to those in subjec...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0574-9
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the original publication, Page 3, Sect. 4.3, the first sentence was incorrectly published. ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1007/s40262-018-0633-x
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Elagolix is an oral, non-peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist. It is approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain associated with endometriosis and is being investigated for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine fibroids. Use of low-do...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00921-y
更新日期:2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the ability of the nonparametric expectation maximisation (NPEM) method of population pharmacokinetic modelling to deal with sparse data in estimating systemic caffeine clearance for monitoring and evaluation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:Nonblind, single-dose clin...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003088-200342150-00006
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It should be recognized that children are not small adults, hence dosing in children should not be a 'small adult dose'. A mean population dose in all age groups is just an average dose and not necessarily the best or the correct dose for a given patient. The dose of a drug varies from patient to patient and individua...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0134-5
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Tesamorelin is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), which increases basal and pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and subsequently increases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Limited information is available about the pharmacokinetics of this compound. Consequen...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0202-x
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Etodolac is a chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is marked as the racemate. Currently, the drug is available in several countries for the treatment of arthritis and the alleviation of pain. Etodolac possesses several unique disposition features mainly due to its stereoselective pharmacokinetics. I...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-199426040-00003
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since up to 90% of a theophylline dose is biotransformed, drugs influencing microsomal enzyme systems in the liver may affect the elimination of theophylline. Other integrated mechanisms (e.g. hepatic uptake) may also be altered by concurrent administration of other drugs. Whatever the mechanism, the interaction may b...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198409040-00002
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::First-pass elimination takes place when a drug is metabolised between its site of administration and the site of sampling for measurement of drug concentration. Clinically, first-pass metabolism is important when the fraction of the dose administered that escapes metabolism is small and variable. The liver is usually ...
journal_title:Clinical pharmacokinetics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003088-198409010-00001
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00