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Disjunct distribution and distinct intraspecific diversification of Eothenomys melanogaster in South China.

Abstract：

BACKGROUND:South China encompasses complex and diverse landforms, giving rise to high biological diversity and endemism from the Hengduan Mountains to Taiwan Island. Many species are widely distributed across South China with similar disjunct distribution patterns. To explore the causes of these disjunct distribution patterns and their genetic consequences, we investigated the endemic species Père David's Chinese Vole (Eothenomys melanogaster) by integrating geological and ecological factors. We analysed the genetic structure and divergence time of E. melanogaster based on fast-evolving mitochondrial and nuclear markers using Bayesian trees and coalescent species tree approaches. Historical scenarios of distribution range and demography were reconstructed based on spatial interpolations of genetic diversity and distance, extended Bayesian skyline plots, phylogeographic diffusion analysis, and ecological niche modelling (ENM) during different periods. We also assessed the relationships between geographical distance/ecological vicariance and genetic distance (isolation by distance, IBD; isolation by environment, IBE). RESULTS:The genetic analysis revealed three deeply divergent clades-Southeast, Southwest and Central clades, centred on the Wuyi Mountains, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) and the mountains around the Sichuan Basin, respectively-that have mostly developed since the Pleistocene. IBD played an important role in early divergence, and geological events (sedimentation of plains and linking of palaeo-rivers) and IBE further reinforced genetic differentiation. ENM shows the importance of suitable habitats and elevations. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that the primary cause of the disjunct distribution in E. melanogaster is the high dependence on middle-high-altitude habitat in the current period. Mountains in the occurence range have served as "sky islands" for E. melanogaster and hindered gene flow. Pleistocene climatic cycles facilitated genetic admixture in cold periods and genetic diversification in warm periods for inland clades. During cold periods, these cycles led to multiple colonization events between the mainland and Taiwan and erased genetic differentiation.

journal_name

BMC Evol Biol

journal_title

BMC evolutionary biology

authors

Lv X,Cheng J,Meng Y,Chang Y,Xia L,Wen Z,Ge D,Liu S,Yang Q

doi

10.1186/s12862-018-1168-3

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-04-10 00:00:00

pages

issue

issn

1471-2148

pii

10.1186/s12862-018-1168-3

journal_volume

pub_type

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Disjunct distribution and distinct intraspecific diversification of Eothenomys melanogaster in South China.