Abstract:
:In aquatic environments, chemical cues are believed to be associated with prey response to predation risk, yet few basic cue compositions are known despite the pronounced ecological and evolutionary significance of such cues. Previous work indicated that negatively-charged ions of m/z 501 are possibly a kairomone that induces anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles. However, work described here confirms that this specific ion species m/z 501.2886 is produced by injured tadpoles, exhibits increased spectral intensity with higher tadpole biomass, and is not produced by starved predators. These results indicate the anion is an alarm cue released from tadpoles. High resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) revealed a unique elemental composition for [M-H]-, m/z 501.2886, of C26H45O7S- which could not be determined in previous studies using low resolution instruments. Collision induced dissociation of m/z 501 ions formed product ions of m/z 97 and m/z 80, HSO4- and SO3-, respectively, showing the presence of sulfate. Green frog tadpoles, Lithobates clamitans, exposed to the m/z 501 anion or sodium dodecyl sulfate exhibited similar anti-predator responses, suggesting organic sulfate is a tadpole behavior modifier.
journal_name
J Chem Ecoljournal_title
Journal of chemical ecologyauthors
Austin CE,March RE,Stock NL,Murray DLdoi
10.1007/s10886-018-0925-5subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2018-02-01 00:00:00pages
178-188issue
2eissn
0098-0331issn
1573-1561pii
10.1007/s10886-018-0925-5journal_volume
44pub_type
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