Pharmacology of Antisense Drugs.

abstract：:This essay is an account of the author's experience in trying to interpret the action of drugs as seen in in vitro bioassays. The central theme is how the development of simple mathematical models has assisted in the interpretation of drug actions. Starting from encounters with partial agonists, the essay describes th...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Black J

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a personal account of the discovery of the induced synthesis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and of subsequent research that led to the discovery of multiple cytochromes P450 with different catalytic activities. The manuscript also emphasizes the role of environmental factors (in addition to genetic...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Conney AH

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyclooxygenase (COX), first purified in 1976 and cloned in 1988, is the key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid. In 1991, several laboratories identified a product from a second gene with COX activity and called it COX-2. However, COX-2 was inducible, and the inducing stimuli included...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Vane JR,Bakhle YS,Botting RM

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most facets of mammalian physiology and behavior vary according to time of day, thanks to endogenous circadian clocks. Therefore, it is not surprising that many aspects of pharmacology and toxicology also oscillate according to the same 24-h clocks. Daily oscillations in abundance of proteins necessary for either drug...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Dallmann R,Brown SA,Gachon F

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cost of drugs is a major and rapidly rising component of health-care expenditures. We survey recent literature on the ethics and economics of skyrocketing pharmaceutical prices and find that advances in economic research have increased the sharpness and focus of the ethically based calls to increase access by modi...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Parker-Lue S,Santoro M,Koski G

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the most important systems in cardiovascular control and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is already a very successful drug target for the therapy of these diseases. However, angiotensins are generated not only in the plasma but also local...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Bader M

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Caveolae, a subset of membrane (lipid) rafts, are flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that contain caveolin proteins, which serve as organizing centers for cellular signal transduction. Caveolins (-1, -2, and -3) have cytoplasmic N and C termini, palmitolylation sites, and a scaffolding domain that facilit...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Patel HH,Murray F,Insel PA

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Kv7 channels (Kv7.1-7.5) are voltage-gated K+ channels that can be modulated by five β-subunits (KCNE1-5). Kv7.1-KCNE1 channels produce the slow-delayed rectifying K+ current, IKs, which is important during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. Kv7.2-7.5 are predominantly neuronally expressed and c...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Thompson E,Eldstrom J,Fedida D

更新日期：2021-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:γ-Secretases are a group of widely expressed, intramembrane-cleaving proteases involved in many physiological processes. Their clinical relevance comes from their involvement in Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and other disorders. A clinical trial with the wide-spectrum γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat has, however, de...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： De Strooper B,Chávez Gutiérrez L

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Originally, organophosphorus (OP) toxicology consisted of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by insecticides and chemical threat agents acting as phosphorylating agents for serine in the catalytic triad, but this is no longer the case. Other serine hydrolases can be secondary OP targets, depending on the OP structure, an...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Casida JE

更新日期：2017-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent discoveries of novel and potentially important biological activity have spurred interest in the chemistry and biochemistry of nitroxyl (HNO). It has become clear that, among all the nitrogen oxides, HNO is unique in its chemistry and biology. Currently, the intimate chemical details of the biological actions of...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Fukuto JM,Switzer CH,Miranda KM,Wink DA

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Krishnamurthy P,Schuetz JD

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Though opioid receptors are more difficult to purify and characterize than other cell surface receptors, significant progress has been made in the past several years. At least a dozen groups have now reported purification of opioid-binding proteins, either in a form that retains ligand-binding properties, or in a cova...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Loh HH,Smith AP

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The theme "New Approaches for Studying Drug and Toxicant Action: Applications to Drug Discovery and Development" links 13 articles in this volume of the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (ARPT). The engaging prefatory articles by Arthur Cho and Robert Lefkowitz set the stage for this theme and for the revie...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Insel PA,Amara SG,Blaschke TF,Meyer UA

更新日期：2018-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Selective, nonpeptide antagonists for tachykinin receptors first became available ten years ago. Of the three known tachykinin receptors, drug development has focused most intensively on the substance P-preferring receptor, neurokinin(1) (NK(1)). Although originally studied as potential analgesic compounds, recent evi...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Stout SC,Owens MJ,Nemeroff CB

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroglial cells of the central nervous system include the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Their counterparts in the peripheral nervous system are the Schwann cells. The term neuroglia comes from an erroneous concept originally coined by Virchow (1850), in which he envisioned the neurons to be embedded in...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Aschner M,Allen JW,Kimelberg HK,LoPachin RM,Streit WJ

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent advances made in elucidating the processes of nociception have altered the way that chronic pain therapy and analgesic drug development are approached. Recent studies have highlighted new targets for drug discovery, including inhibition of inflammatory mediators (kinins, growth factors), newly expressed pro...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Dray A,Urban L

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recognition that the wall tone of most arteries and veins can change in response to shear stress has several implications for our understanding of the effects of drugs on the circulation. By a primary action on the heart and vasculature, drugs can cause changes in cardiac output and blood pressure that lead to cha...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Bevan JA,Henrion D

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Either an excess or a deficiency of vitamin A and related compounds (retinoids) causes abnormal morphological development (teratogenesis). Potential retinoid sources come from dietary intake, nutritional supplements, and some therapeutic drugs. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of retinoid teratogenesis is impor...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Collins MD,Mao GE

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Imidazoline (I) receptors constitute a family of nonadrenergic high-affinity binding sites for clonidine, idazoxan, and allied drugs. One major subclass, the I1 receptors, whose subcellular distribution and signal transduction mechanisms are uncertain, partly mediates the central hypotensive actions of clonidine-like ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Regunathan S,Reis DJ

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mammalian circadian system is organized in a hierarchical manner in that a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain's hypothalamus synchronizes cellular circadian oscillators in most peripheral body cells. Fasting-feeding cycles accompanying rest-activity rhythms are the major timing cue...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Levi F,Schibler U

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2,...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Braakhuis HM,Gosens I,Heringa MB,Oomen AG,Vandebriel RJ,Groenewold M,Cassee FR

更新日期：2021-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Conflicting views abound on the peripheral neurotransmitter and neuromodulator roles of purine compounds. Substantial organ- and species-related variations have become apparent. There is, however, a body of compelling evidence for such roles, if not so broad and ubiquitous as those envisioned (7) for the central nervo...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Su C

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription machinery in the nucleolus is the key convergence point that collects and integrates a vast array of information from cellular signaling cascades to regulate ribosome production that in turn guides cell growth and proliferation. Cancer cells commonly harbor mutations that ina...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Drygin D,Rice WG,Grummt I

更新日期：2010-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanism-based PK-PD models differ from conventional PK-PD models in that they contain specific expressions to characterize, in a quantitative manner, processes on the causal path between drug administration and effect. This includes target site distribution, target binding and activation, pharmacodynamic interaction...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Danhof M,de Jongh J,De Lange EC,Della Pasqua O,Ploeger BA,Voskuyl RA

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Systems approaches have long been used in pharmacology to understand drug action at the organ and organismal levels. The application of computational and experimental systems biology approaches to pharmacology allows us to expand the definition of systems pharmacology to include network analyses at multiple scales of ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Zhao S,Iyengar R

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arylamines and heterocyclic arylamines (HAAs) are of particular interest because of demonstrated carcinogenicity in animals and humans and the broad exposure to many of these compounds. The activation of these, and also some arylamine drugs, involves N-hydroxylation, usually by cytochrome P450 (P450). P450 1A2 plays a...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Kim D,Guengerich FP

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Research spanning (genetically engineered) animal models, healthy volunteers, and sleep-disordered patients has identified the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, hypocretin, melatonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, γ-amino-butyric acid, and adenosine as important players ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Holst SC,Valomon A,Landolt HP

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The beta 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has now been extensively characterized at the structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activation studies helped define a beta-adrenergic profile that is quite distinct from that of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors, bu...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Strosberg AD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A number of exciting findings have been made in astrocytes during the past 15 years that have led many researchers to redefine how the brain works. Astrocytes are now widely regarded as cells that propagate Ca(2+) over long distances in response to stimulation, and, similar to neurons, release transmitters (called gli...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Fiacco TA,Agulhon C,McCarthy KD

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00