A dynamic G-quadruplex region regulates the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter.

Abstract:

:G-Quadruplexes, noncanonical nucleic acid structures, act as silencers in the promoter regions of human genes; putative G-quadruplex forming sequences are also present in promoters of other mammals, yeasts, and prokaryotes. Here we show that also the HIV-1 LTR promoter exploits G-quadruplex-mediated transcriptional regulation with striking similarities to eukaryotic promoters and that treatment with a G-quadruplex ligand inhibits HIV-1 infectivity. Computational analysis on 953 HIV-1 strains substantiated a highly conserved G-rich sequence corresponding to Sp1 and NF-κB binding sites. Biophysical/biochemical analysis proved that two mutually exclusive parallel-like intramolecular G-quadruplexes, stabilized by small molecule ligands, primarily fold in this region. Mutations disrupting G-quadruplex formation enhanced HIV promoter activity in cells, whereas treatment with a G-quadruplex ligand impaired promoter activity and displayed antiviral effects. These findings disclose the possibility of inhibiting the HIV-1 LTR promoter by G-quadruplex-interacting small molecules, providing a new pathway to development of anti-HIV-1 drugs with unprecedented mechanism of action.

journal_name

J Med Chem

authors

Perrone R,Nadai M,Frasson I,Poe JA,Butovskaya E,Smithgall TE,Palumbo M,Palù G,Richter SN

doi

10.1021/jm400914r

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-08-22 00:00:00

pages

6521-30

issue

16

eissn

0022-2623

issn

1520-4804

journal_volume

56

pub_type

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