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Effects of combined use of non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking on infant behavioural states across heel-stick procedures: a prospective, randomised controlled trial.

Abstract：

BACKGROUND:Pain and stress agitate preterm infants, interrupting their sleep. Frequent high arousal states may affect infants' brain development and illness recovery. Preserving infants' sleep and relieving their pain during painful procedures are both important for their health. OBJECTIVES:To compare the effectiveness of different combinations of non-nutritive sucking (sucking), oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking (tucking) with routine care on infants' sleep-wake states before, during, and after heel-stick procedures. DESIGN:Prospective, randomised controlled trial. SETTING:Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Taipei. METHOD:A convenience sample of 110 infants (gestational age 26.4-37 weeks) needing heel sticks were randomly assigned to five combinations of non-pharmacological treatments: sucking-oral sucrose-tucking; sucking-oral sucrose; oral sucrose-tucking; sucking-tucking; and routine care. Infant states, measured by a state-coding scheme, included quiet sleep, active sleep, transition, quiet awake, active awake, and fussing or crying. All states were recorded at 1-min intervals during four phases: baseline, intervention, heel-stick procedures, and recovery. RESULTS:Infants receiving sucking-oral sucrose-tucking or sucking-oral sucrose experienced 52.8% (p=0.023) and 42.6% (p=0.063) more quiet-sleep occurrences than those receiving routine care after adjusting for phase, baseline states, non-treatment sucking during baseline and recovery, positioning, and infants' characteristics. Infants receiving oral sucrose-tucking, sucking-oral sucrose, sucking-oral sucrose-tucking, and sucking-tucking experienced 77.3% (p<0.001), 72.1% (p=0.008), 51.5% (p=0.017), and 33.0% (p=0.105) fewer occurrences of fussing or crying, respectively, than those receiving routine care after adjusting for related factors. CONCLUSIONS:The four treatment combinations differentially reduced infants' high arousal across heel-stick procedures. The combined use of oral sucrose-tucking, sucking-oral sucrose, and sucking-oral sucrose-tucking more effectively reduced occurrences of infant fussing or crying than routine care. Treatment combinations of sucking-oral sucrose-tucking and sucking-oral sucrose also better facilitated infants' sleep than routine care. To preserve infants' sleep, clinicians should use combinations of non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking to reduce agitation during painful procedures.

journal_name

Int J Nurs Stud

journal_title

International journal of nursing studies

authors

Liaw JJ,Yang L,Lee CM,Fan HC,Chang YC,Cheng LP

doi

10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.021

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2013-07-01 00:00:00

pages

883-94

issue

eissn

0020-7489

issn

1873-491X

pii

S0020-7489(12)00303-3

journal_volume

pub_type

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Effects of combined use of non-nutritive sucking, oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking on infant behavioural states across heel-stick procedures: a prospective, randomised controlled trial.