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Kinematics of the upper cervical spine in rotation: in vivo three-dimensional analysis.

Abstract：

STUDY DESIGN:Kinematics of the upper cervical spine during head rotation were investigated using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy volunteers. OBJECTIVES:To demonstrate in vivo intervertebral coupled motions of the upper cervical spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:Although various in vivo and in vitro studies have identified the normal movement patterns of the upper cervical spine, no previous studies have accurately analyzed in vivo three-dimensional intervertebral motions of the upper cervical spine during head rotation. METHODS:Fifteen healthy volunteers underwent three-dimensional MRI of the upper cervical spine using a 1.0-T imager in progressive 15 degrees steps during head rotation. Segmented three-dimensional MRIs of each vertebra in the neutral position were superimposed over images taken at other positions, using voxel-based registration. Relative motions between occiput (Oc) and atlas (C1) and between C1 and axis (C2) were measured and described with 6 degrees of freedom by rigid body Euler angles and translations. RESULTS:Mean (+/- SD) maximum angles of axial rotation in Oc-C1 and C1-C2 were 1.7 +/- 1.5 degrees and 36.2 +/- 4.5 degrees to each side, respectively. Increases in angle of axial rotation in C1-C2 became smaller with increased head rotation, indicating axial rotation in C1-C2 displayed nonlinear motion. Coupled lateral bending with axial rotation was observed in the direction opposition to that of axial rotation in Oc-C1 (mean, 4.1 +/- 1.4 degrees) and C1-C2 (mean, 3.8 +/- 3.0 degrees). Coupled extension with axial rotation occurred at both C0-C1 (mean, 13.3 +/- 4.9 degrees) and C1-C2 (mean, 6.9 +/- 3.0 degrees). CONCLUSIONS:We developed an innovative in vivo three-dimensional motion analysis system using three-dimensional MRI. In vivo coupled motions of the upper cervical spine investigated using this system supported the results of the previous in vitro study.

journal_name

Spine (Phila Pa 1976)

journal_title

Spine

authors

Ishii T,Mukai Y,Hosono N,Sakaura H,Nakajima Y,Sato Y,Sugamoto K,Yoshikawa H

doi

10.1097/01.brs.0000116998.55056.3c

keywords:

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2004-04-01 00:00:00

pages

E139-44

issue

eissn

0362-2436

issn

1528-1159

pii

00007632-200404010-00021

journal_volume

pub_type

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Kinematics of the upper cervical spine in rotation: in vivo three-dimensional analysis.