Structure, function, and inhibition of chemokines.

abstract：:Numerous lines of evidence demonstrate that calpains, a family of 14 Ca(2+)-activated neutral cysteine proteases, are involved in oncotic cell death in a variety of models. At this time, the biochemistry of most calpains and the specific roles of different calpains in physiology and pathology remain to be determined. ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Liu X,Van Vleet T,Schnellmann RG

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid and one of the few metals that can be metabolized inside the human body. The pervasive presence of arsenic in nature and anthropogenic sources from agricultural and medical use have perpetuated human exposure to this toxic and carcinogenic element. Highly exposed individuals ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Chen QY,Costa M

更新日期：2021-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Arterial tone is coordinated among vessel segments to optimize nutrient transport and organ function. Coordinated vasomotor activity is remarkable to observe and depends on stimuli, sparsely generated in tissue, eliciting electrical responses that conduct lengthwise among electrically coupled vascular cells. The condu...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Welsh DG,Tran CHT,Hald BO,Sancho M

更新日期：2018-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination of membrane proteins and holds great potential for structure-based drug discovery. Here we discuss the potential of cryo-EM in the rational design of therapeutics for membrane proteins compared to X-ray crystallography. We also detail recent...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： García-Nafría J,Tate CG

更新日期：2020-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Transgenic rodent models for measuring mutations provide a tool for assessing tissue-specific mutations following in vivo treatment. These systems are based on the insertion into the rodent genome Escherichia coli lacI (lac repressor) or lacZ (beta-galactosidase) genes that serve as targets for mutations. Following in...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Mirsalis JC,Monforte JA,Winegar RA

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cost of drugs is a major and rapidly rising component of health-care expenditures. We survey recent literature on the ethics and economics of skyrocketing pharmaceutical prices and find that advances in economic research have increased the sharpness and focus of the ethically based calls to increase access by modi...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Parker-Lue S,Santoro M,Koski G

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neuroglial cells of the central nervous system include the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Their counterparts in the peripheral nervous system are the Schwann cells. The term neuroglia comes from an erroneous concept originally coined by Virchow (1850), in which he envisioned the neurons to be embedded in...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Aschner M,Allen JW,Kimelberg HK,LoPachin RM,Streit WJ

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Drug transporters are now widely acknowledged as important determinants governing drug absorption, excretion, and, in many cases, extent of drug entry into target organs. There is also a greater appreciation that altered drug transporter function, whether due to genetic polymorphisms, drug-drug interactions, or enviro...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： DeGorter MK,Xia CQ,Yang JJ,Kim RB

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The beta 3 subtype of adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors has now been extensively characterized at the structural and functional levels. Ligand binding and adenylyl cyclase activation studies helped define a beta-adrenergic profile that is quite distinct from that of the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors, bu...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Strosberg AD

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Though opioid receptors are more difficult to purify and characterize than other cell surface receptors, significant progress has been made in the past several years. At least a dozen groups have now reported purification of opioid-binding proteins, either in a form that retains ligand-binding properties, or in a cova...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Loh HH,Smith AP

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Imidazoline (I) receptors constitute a family of nonadrenergic high-affinity binding sites for clonidine, idazoxan, and allied drugs. One major subclass, the I1 receptors, whose subcellular distribution and signal transduction mechanisms are uncertain, partly mediates the central hypotensive actions of clonidine-like ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Regunathan S,Reis DJ

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bisphosphonates (BPs) are pyrophosphate analogs in which the oxygen bridge has been replaced by carbon and diverse carbon side chains have generated a large family of compounds. Several are potent inhibitors of bone destruction (resorption) and are in clinical use for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, Page...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Rodan GA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review, we discuss the potential pharmacological targeting of a set of powerful epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation control systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, we focus on the possible use of these targets for novel future treatments for learning and memory disorders. We first describ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Day JJ,Kennedy AJ,Sweatt JD

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major class of proteins in the genome of many species, including humans. In addition to the mapping of a number of human disorders to regions of the genome containing GPCRs, a growing body of literature has documented frequently occurring variations (i.e. polymorphisms) ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Rana BK,Shiina T,Insel PA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a potential replacement tissue source for degenerative diseases. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding disease triggered by degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer tissue that functionally supports retinal photoreceptors. Recently published cli...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Sharma R,Bose D,Maminishkis A,Bharti K

更新日期：2020-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The recognition that the wall tone of most arteries and veins can change in response to shear stress has several implications for our understanding of the effects of drugs on the circulation. By a primary action on the heart and vasculature, drugs can cause changes in cardiac output and blood pressure that lead to cha...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Bevan JA,Henrion D

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conflicting views abound on the peripheral neurotransmitter and neuromodulator roles of purine compounds. Substantial organ- and species-related variations have become apparent. There is, however, a body of compelling evidence for such roles, if not so broad and ubiquitous as those envisioned (7) for the central nervo...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Su C

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exposure of the developing conceptus to selected environmental agents can lead to deleterious and often times lethal birth defects. These malformations result in serious emotional and financial consequences to families and societies worldwide. As we continue to progress technologically, we face challenges from the int...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Finnell RH,Waes JG,Eudy JD,Rosenquist TH

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder that begins in mid to late life and is characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and, in many, psychological and cognitive changes. Recent advances have helped delineate pathogenetic mechanisms, yet the cause of PD...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Goldman SM

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus in...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Eddleston M

更新日期：2019-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The promise of drug repurposing is to accelerate the translation of knowledge to treatment of human disease, bypassing common challenges associated with drug development to be more time- and cost-efficient. Repurposing has an increased chance of success due to the previous validation of drug safety and allows for the ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Pulley JM,Rhoads JP,Jerome RN,Challa AP,Erreger KB,Joly MM,Lavieri RR,Perry KE,Zaleski NM,Shirey-Rice JK,Aronoff DM

更新日期：2020-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Human syndromes and mouse mutants that exhibit accelerated but bona fide aging in multiple organs and tissues have been invaluable for the identification of nine denominators of aging: telomere attrition, genome instability, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated nutrient sensing, altered inter...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Vermeij WP,Hoeijmakers JH,Pothof J

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Systems approaches have long been used in pharmacology to understand drug action at the organ and organismal levels. The application of computational and experimental systems biology approaches to pharmacology allows us to expand the definition of systems pharmacology to include network analyses at multiple scales of ...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Zhao S,Iyengar R

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are the primary targets of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). These G protein-coupled receptors play an important role in many processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, bone growth, and immune function. Cannabinoid receptors can be engaged directly by...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Mackie K

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Caveolae, a subset of membrane (lipid) rafts, are flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that contain caveolin proteins, which serve as organizing centers for cellular signal transduction. Caveolins (-1, -2, and -3) have cytoplasmic N and C termini, palmitolylation sites, and a scaffolding domain that facilit...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Patel HH,Murray F,Insel PA

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-acting contraceptives are the most effective reversible contraceptive methods. Increasing patients' access to these contraceptives may translate into fewer unintended pregnancies and lead to substantial individual and public health benefits. However, development of long-acting products can be complex and challeng...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Li L,Tran D,Zhu H,Balimane P,Willett G,Zhao P,Gerrard SE,Vogelsong KM,Wang Y,Seo SK

更新日期：2021-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Microbicides, substances applied topically to prevent sexual HIV infection, are needed to empower receptive sexual partners with effective prevention methods. Several large microbicide trials, however, failed to demonstrate efficacy, thus motivating a reevaluation of the current microbicide development paradigm, which...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Hendrix CW,Cao YJ,Fuchs EJ

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent advances made in elucidating the processes of nociception have altered the way that chronic pain therapy and analgesic drug development are approached. Recent studies have highlighted new targets for drug discovery, including inhibition of inflammatory mediators (kinins, growth factors), newly expressed pro...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Dray A,Urban L

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Both pharmacologic and genetic methods are now available to manipulate intracellular levels of the protein thiol metallothionein. These approaches have begun to reveal the protective roles metallothioneins (MTs) have against oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon-centered free radicals, as well as the contributory role of MT to...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Lazo JS,Pitt BR

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors encoded in the human genome. GPCRs signal to diverse extracellular stimuli and control a vast number of physiological responses, making this receptor class the target of nearly half the drugs currently...

journal_title：Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology

authors： Marchese A,Paing MM,Temple BR,Trejo J

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00