Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Several HIV protease mutations, which are resistant to clinical HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), have been identified. There is a great need for second-generation PIs with different chemical structures and/or with an alternative mode of inhibition. Ginkgolic acid is a natural herbal substance and a major component of the lipid fraction in the nutshells of the Ginkgo biloba tree. The objective of this study was to determine whether ginkgolic acid could inhibit HIV protease activity in a cell free system and HIV infection in human cells. MATERIAL/METHODS:Purified ginkgolic acid and recombinant HIV-1 HXB2 KIIA protease were used for the HIV protease activity assay. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used for HIV infection (HIV-1SF162 virus), determined by a p24gag ELISA. Cytotoxicity was also determined. RESULTS:Ginkgolic acid (31.2 µg/ml) inhibited HIV protease activity by 60%, compared with the negative control, and the effect was concentration-dependent. In addition, ginkgolic acid treatment (50 and 100 µg/ml) effectively inhibited the HIV infection at day 7 in a concentration-dependent manner. Ginkgolic acid at a concentration of up to 150 µg/ml demonstrated very limited cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS:Ginkgolic acid effectively inhibits HIV protease activity in a cell free system and HIV infection in PBMCs without significant cytotoxicity. Ginkgolic acid may inhibit HIV protease through different mechanisms than current FDA-approved HIV PI drugs. These properties of ginkgolic acid make it a promising therapy for HIV infection, especially as the clinical problem of viral resistance to HIV PIs continues to grow.
journal_name
Med Sci Monitjournal_title
Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical researchauthors
Lü JM,Yan S,Jamaluddin S,Weakley SM,Liang Z,Siwak EB,Yao Q,Chen Cdoi
10.12659/msm.883261subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-08-01 00:00:00pages
BR293-298issue
8eissn
1234-1010issn
1643-3750pii
883261journal_volume
18pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:BACKGROUND Although 5-Flourouracil(5-FU) is used as the first-choice treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is associated with acquired and intrinsic resistance. Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling has been linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate and c...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.907514
更新日期：2018-05-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The endothelium, a continuous cellular monolayer lining the blood vessels, has an enormous range of important homeostatic roles. It serves and participates in highly active metabolic and regulatory functions including control of primary hemostasis, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, platelet and leukocyte interaction...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND In existing research on the importance of student breakfast, few studies have focused on the impact of breakfast on student cognitive development. Further, empirical research in this field is mostly based correlation analysis, in which it is difficult to control the influence of selection bias on the analys...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.920459
更新日期：2019-11-22 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Low back pain (LBP) is a common disease among people under the age of 20. To the best of our knowledge few studies have been carried out on LBP among school children in Turkey, and none of them studied the correlation between pain intensity and related variables with LBP. MATERIAL/METHODS:This cross-section...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.881378
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aggressiveness is an ancestral behavior common to all animal species. Its neurophysiological mechanisms are similar in all vertebrates. Males are generally more aggressive than females. In this review, aggressive behavior in rodents, monkeys, and man and the role of testosterone and brain serotonin levels have been co...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:It is commonly believed in medicine that using heat will increase the distensability and flexibility of soft tissue. If true, increased flexibility would be a positive factor to reduce injuries in sports. However, cold should have the opposite effect and is often used to treat sports injuries. This study was...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.889145
更新日期：2013-08-12 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:We set out to detect whether morphine is present in tissue taken from a patient with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and to characterize the presence and nature of mu opiate receptor subtypes in this tissue. CASE REPORT:In temporal lobe tissue, resected during anteromedial temporal lobectomy for intracta...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) is a key enzyme in one-carbon cell metabolism, including in liver cancer. However, the associations between SHMT2 expression at the gene and protein level and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915754
更新日期：2019-08-05 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The pro-inflammatory potential of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus is controversial. The present study was undertaken to examine the ability of highly purified and characterized S. aureus LTA to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human leukocytes at both mRNA and prot...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The CGMS Gold continuous glucose monitor presents a problem of lack of accuracy, especially in the lower range, sometimes leading to missed or false alarms. The new algorithm aims to improve the measurement accuracy and hypoglycemia detection. MATERIAL/METHODS:Twenty-one patients with type 1 diabetes were m...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been reported to cause adverse effects on human health. Evidence has shown the association between PM2.5 exposure and adverse perinatal outcomes, and the most common method is epidemiological investigation. We wished to inves...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.897808
更新日期：2016-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The Wada test is usually used for pre-surgical assessment of language lateralization. Considering its invasiveness and risk of complications, alternative methods have been proposed but they are not always applicable to non-cooperative patients. In this study we explored the possibility of using optical topog...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.882128
更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Periodontal diseases are characterized by pathological destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) of periodontal tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a significant part of the degradation of ECM. However, the regulation of MMPs expression level in periodontal diseases is as yet undetermined. RECK (reversion-in...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896546
更新日期：2016-06-07 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies around the world and one of the major causes of cancer related mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of the natural compound psilostachyin-A on 5-fluorouracil-resistant human liver carcinoma cells and its effects on a...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.916635
更新日期：2019-09-07 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Interferon-gamma release assays have not been validated in active TB among pregnant women. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective study was to estimate the diagnostic value of T-SPOT.TB in active TB among pregnant women. MATERIAL/METHODS:Between May 2012 and May 2015, 26 consecutive pregnant women w...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.896943
更新日期：2016-01-06 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the relative expression level of miR-30d-5p, miR-23a-3p, and miR-146a-5p, and to comprehensively assess the diagnostic and predictive possibilities of these miRNAs. Their expression changes have not yet been sufficiently investigated during acute myocardial infarction. T...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.913743
更新日期：2019-05-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Excessive drinking of alcohol is becoming a worldwide problem, and people have recognized that there exists a close relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and alcohol consumption. However, there are many inconsistencies between experimental and clinical studies on alcohol consumption and kidney damage. The ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.12659/MSM.916121
更新日期：2019-09-20 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a malignant tumor derived from breast gland epithelium. The screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer in high-risk populations can effectively suppress its threat to women's health and improve treatment efficiency, and thus has critical importance. Using various evaluation models, the ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.910108
更新日期：2018-08-09 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Studies on monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are lacking. This study focused on the immunohistochemical evaluation of MAO-B in RCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-three RCC samples were compared on basic clinical and histopathological parameters, including histopathological ty...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.909507
更新日期：2018-08-04 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy with outcome difficult to predict. Currently, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers that can accurately predict patient outcome and improve the treatment strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate the methylation status of PCDH10 in serum ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.897179
更新日期：2016-02-16 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the brain and spinal cord. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the cellular environment in which tumors exist. This study aimed to identify the role of the TME and the effects of genes involved in the TME of malignant glioma. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ESTIMATE al...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.924054
更新日期：2020-08-26 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of soft tissue, or malignant melanoma of soft parts, is a rare disease. We aimed to identify prognostic factors linked to patient survival in CCS by analyzing demographic and clinical features using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. This study aimed to...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.916705
更新日期：2019-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) is a common disease after spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study was performed to evaluate the advantages of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in estimating SCI and prognosing PTS in SCI rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty rats were divided into 3 groups based on the extent...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/msm.907955
更新日期：2018-01-09 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is regarded as a frequent disease that causes disability. We aimed to explore the effect of naringin on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) in IL-1ß-induced human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and its corresponding molecular mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research pub_type： 杂志文章 doi：10.12659/MSM.918597 更新日期：2019-12-25 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Er-Miao-San (EMS) is used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different elution fractions of EMS on acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in the rat paw and the possible mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS Different aqueous fractions of EMS added to an A...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.916977
更新日期：2019-10-23 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between the rs2975760 and rs3792267 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the calpain 10 (CAPN10) gene and gestational diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 138 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and 152 healthy pregnant women...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.914930
更新日期：2019-07-11 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the impact of norepinephrine (NE), norepinephrine plus vasopressin (NE+VAS) and dopamine in patients with sepsis and heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database, v1.4. Adults aged >18 years in a...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.927716
更新日期：2021-01-21 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND We studied the expression and effect of miR-26a-5p in synovial fibroblast in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS The synovial tissues of 55 RA patients with total knee arthroplasty performed from January 2016 to December 2016 were collected as the RA group, and 62 patients without ...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章,收录出版
doi：10.12659/MSM.907816
更新日期：2018-07-26 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) commonly receive statins to suppress vulnerability to adverse cardiovascular events. It has been clinically proven that hepatotoxicity is one of the most severe adverse effects of statins. MATERIAL AND METHODS We constructed diabetic rat models by feeding rats with high-...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.915790
更新日期：2019-08-17 00:00:00
abstract：:BACKGROUND Microvascular endothelial inflammation and apoptosis are responsible for septic acute lung injury (ALI). Ripasudil is a novel Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor which shows therapeutic effects on several vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and correlated molecular...
journal_title：Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.12659/MSM.910184
更新日期：2018-05-16 00:00:00
